This is a publicity photo taken to promote a film actress. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner on page 211 of The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001):
"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
Nancy E. Wolff, on page 55 of The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007), includes a similar explanation:
"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
Film industry author Gerald Mast, on page 87 of Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989), writes:
"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
Given the evidence supplied in these materials, it can be assumed that for the reasons stated above, this image is in the public domain in the United States.
This image has been assessed under the valued image criteria and is considered the most valued image on Commons within the scope: Doris Day. You can see its nomination here.
Paglilisensiya
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in the United States between 1929 and 1977, inclusive, without a copyright notice. For further explanation, see Commons:Hirtle chart as well as a detailed definition of "publication" for public art. Note that it may still be copyrighted in jurisdictions that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works (depending on the date of the author's death), such as Canada (50 p.m.a.), Mainland China (50 p.m.a., not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany (70 p.m.a.), Mexico (100 p.m.a.), Switzerland (70 p.m.a.), and other countries with individual treaties.
Ang taong nag-ugnay ng isang akda sa kasulatang ito ay inilaan ang akda sa Commons sa saklaw ng madla
na isinusukong pangbuong-mundo ang lahat ng kanyang mga karapatan sa akda sa ilalim ng batas sa karapatang-ari, kasama ang lahat ng kaugnay at karatig na mga karapatan, hanggang sa naaabot ng batas. Maaari mong kopyahin, baguhin, ipamahagi at isagawa ang akda, kahit na para sa mga layunin pangkalakal, lahat-lahat na hindi nangangailangan ng pahintulot.
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.enCC0Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedicationfalsefalse
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