Mga bathalang may sungay

Ang mga bathala o diyos na inilalarawan na may sungay o antler ay matatagpuan sa maraming relihiyon sa buong mundo. Ang mga hayop na may sungay, tulad ng toro, kambing, at lalaking tupa, ay minsang sinasamba bilang mga diyos o nagsisilbing inspirasyon sa anyo ng isang diyos sa mga relihiyong nagbibigay-halaga sa mga hayop bilang banal. Maraming paganong relihiyon ang may mga diyos na may sungay sa kanilang grupo ng mga diyos (pantheon), tulad ni Pan sa mitolohiyang Griyego at ni Ikenga sa Odinala. May ilang neopaganong relihiyon na muling binuo ang mga diyos na ito sa konsepto ng Horned God, na kumakatawan sa panlalaking aspeto ng pagka-diyos sa paniniwalang Wiccan.

Sa mga relihiyong Abrahamiko, ang mga nilalang na may sungay ay madalas iugnay sa demonolohiya o pag-aaral tungkol sa mga demonyo. Sa Aklat ng Pahayag (Book of Revelation) sa Bibliya, ang mga demonyo ay inilalarawan na may mga sungay. Ang mga tauhan tulad nina Satanas, Baphomet, at Beelzebub ay karaniwang ipinapakita rin na may mga sungay.

Si Baal na may kulog at kidlat, ika-15–13 siglo BC. Natagpuang stela sa Ras Shamra (sinaunang lungsod ng Ugarit sa kasalukuyang Syria ).

Ayon sa Bibliya, ang diyosang Canaanita na si Moloch ay madalas na inilalarawan bilang isang toro, at naging isang demonyong toro sa mga tradisyong Abrahamiko . Ang iba pang mga diyos tulad nina Baal at El ay malamang na orihinal na mga diyos na may sungay na toro. ^[1] ^:15^[2] ^:28

Pigura ng diyos na may sungay na gawa sa palayok ng Indus
Selyo ng Indus Pashupati
Tagpo ng labanan sa pagitan ng isang halimaw at isang lalaking may mga sungay, kuko, at buntot, na inihambing sa taong-toro ng Mesopotamia na si Enkidu . ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] Selyo ng kabihasnang Indus Valley .
Diyos na may sungay na may mga tagapaglingkod na may isang sungay sa isang seal ng Indus Valley. Ang mga diyos na may sungay ay isang karaniwang tema ng Mesopotamia. 2000-1900 BCE. Museo ng Islamabad. ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9]

Mga Sanggunian

↑ Susan Niditch. Oral World and Written Word: Ancient Israelite Literature. Westminster John Knox Press, Jan 1, 1996 ISBN 9780664227241
↑ Stephen C. Russell. Images of Egypt in Early Biblical Literature: Cisjordan-Israelite, Transjordan-Israelite, and Judahite Portrayals (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 403) De Gruyter; 1 edition (November 16, 2009) ISBN 9783110221718
↑ Littleton, C. Scott (2005). Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology (sa wikang Ingles). Marshall Cavendish. p. 732. ISBN 9780761475651.
↑ Marshall, John (1996). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927 (sa wikang Ingles). Asian Educational Services. p. 389. ISBN 9788120611795.
↑ Singh. The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination (sa wikang Ingles). Pearson Education India. p. 35. ISBN 9788131717530.
↑ ""An anthropomorphic figure has knelt in front of a fig tree, with hands raised in respectful salutation, prayer or worship. This reverence suggests the divinity of its object, another anthropomorphic figure standing inside the fig tree. In the ancient Near East, the gods and goddesses, as well as their earthly representatives, the divine kings and queens functioning as high priests and priestesses, were distinguished by a horned crown. A similar crown is worn by the two anthropomorphic figures in the fig deity seal. Among various tribal people of India, horned head-dresses are worn by priests on sacrificial occasions." in Conference, Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe International (1992). South Asian Archaeology, 1989: Papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National Des Arts Asiatiques-Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July 1989 (sa wikang Ingles). Prehistory Press. p. 227. ISBN 9781881094036.
↑ "Image of the seal with horned deity". www.columbia.edu.
↑ Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus (sa wikang Ingles). Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 403. ISBN 9781588390431.
↑ The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan (sa wikang Ingles). p. 139.

[1] Susan Niditch. Oral World and Written Word: Ancient Israelite Literature. Westminster John Knox Press, Jan 1, 1996 ISBN 9780664227241

[2] Stephen C. Russell. Images of Egypt in Early Biblical Literature: Cisjordan-Israelite, Transjordan-Israelite, and Judahite Portrayals (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 403) De Gruyter; 1 edition (November 16, 2009) ISBN 9783110221718

[Gods,_Goddesses,_and_Mythology-3] Littleton, C. Scott (2005). Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology (sa wikang Ingles). Marshall Cavendish. p. 732. ISBN 9780761475651.

[4] Marshall, John (1996). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927 (sa wikang Ingles). Asian Educational Services. p. 389. ISBN 9788120611795.

[Pearson_Education_India-5] Singh. The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination (sa wikang Ingles). Pearson Education India. p. 35. ISBN 9788131717530.

[6] ""An anthropomorphic figure has knelt in front of a fig tree, with hands raised in respectful salutation, prayer or worship. This reverence suggests the divinity of its object, another anthropomorphic figure standing inside the fig tree. In the ancient Near East, the gods and goddesses, as well as their earthly representatives, the divine kings and queens functioning as high priests and priestesses, were distinguished by a horned crown. A similar crown is worn by the two anthropomorphic figures in the fig deity seal. Among various tribal people of India, horned head-dresses are worn by priests on sacrificial occasions." in Conference, Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe International (1992). South Asian Archaeology, 1989: Papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National Des Arts Asiatiques-Guimet, Paris, France, 3-7 July 1989 (sa wikang Ingles). Prehistory Press. p. 227. ISBN 9781881094036.

[7] "Image of the seal with horned deity". www.columbia.edu.

[8] Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus (sa wikang Ingles). Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 403. ISBN 9781588390431.

[9] The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan (sa wikang Ingles). p. 139.

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