Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Estados Unidos: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago

Supreme Court of the United States
Supreme Court of the United States
Itinatag	1789
Bansa	Estados Unidos
Lokasyon	Washington, D.C.
Mga koordinado	38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W / 38.89056°N 77.00444°WMga koordinado: 38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W / 38.89056°N 77.00444°W
Paraang komposisyon	Nominasyon ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na Mayo pagkukumpirma ng Senador ng Estados Unidos
Pinagmulan ng kapangyarihan	Saligang batas ng Estados Unidos
Tagal ng termino ng hukom	Panghabangbuhay
Bilang ng mga posisyon	9, ayon statute
Website	supremecourt.gov
Punong Hustisya ng Estados Unidos
Currently	John Roberts
Since	Setyembre 29, 2005

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Pagbabago noong 03:38, 4 Marso 2013

Ang Korte Suprema ng Estados Unidos o Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Estados Unidos pinakamataas na hukuman sa Estados Unidos. Ito ay Mayo huli (at malaking diskresyonaryong) apeladong hurisdiksiyon sa lahat ng mga korteng pederal ng Estados Unidos at sa mga kaso ng korte ng estado na kinasasangkutan ng mga isyu ng batas pederal sa isang maliit na saklaw ng mga kaso. ^[1] Ang Korte na nagpupulong sa Gusali ng Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Estados Unidos sa Washington, D.C. ay binubuo ng Punong Hustisya ng Estados Unidos at mga walong kaugnay na hustisya na hinihirang ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos at kinumpirma ng Senado ng Estados Unidos. Kapag nahirang, ang mga hustisya ay Mayo tenure na pam buhay malibang magbitiw, magretiro o inalis pagkatapos ng impeachment.^[2]^[3]

Mga kasapi

Mga kasalukuyang Hustisya

Pangalan	Ipinanganak	Hinirang ni	Boto ng pagkukumpirma ng Senado	Edad sa pagkakahirang	Unang araw / Tagal ng serbisyo	Mga nakaraang posisyon
Roberts, JohnJohn Roberts (Chief Justice)	Enero 27, 1955 (age &0000000000000069.00000069) in Buffalo, New York	Bush, George W.George W. Bush	78–22	50	Setyembre 29, 2005 18 taon, 6 buwan	Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (2003–2005); Pribadong pagsasanay (1993–2003); Professor, Georgetown University Law Center (1992–2005); Principal Deputy Solicitor General (1989–1993);Pribadong pagsasanay(1986–1989); Associate Counsel to the President (1982–1986); Special Assistant to the Attorney General (1981–1982)
Scalia, AntoninAntonin Scalia	Marso 11, 1936 (age &0000000000000088.00000088) in Trenton, New Jersey	Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan	98–0	50	Setyembre 26, 1986 37 taon, 6 buwan	Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1982–1986); Propesor, University of Chicago Law School (1977–1982); Assistant Attorney General (1974–1977); Propesor, University of Virginia School of Law (1967–1974); Private practice (1961–1967)
Kennedy, AnthonyAnthony Kennedy	Hulyo 23, 1936 (age &0000000000000087.00000087) sa Sacramento, California	Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan	97–0	51	Pebrero 18, 1988 36 taon, 2 buwan	Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (1975–1988); Professor, McGeorge School of Law, University of the Pacific (1965–1988); Private practice (1963–1975)
Thomas, ClarenceClarence Thomas	Hunyo 23, 1948 (age &0000000000000075.00000075) in Pin Point, Georgia	Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush	52–48	43	Oktubre 23, 1991 32 taon, 5 buwan	Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1990–1991); Chairman, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1982–1990); legislative assistant for Missouri Senator John Danforth (1979–1981); employed by Monsanto Company Inc. (1977–1979); Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth (1974–1977)
Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg	Marso 15, 1933 (age &0000000000000091.00000091) in New York, New York	Clinton, BillBill Clinton	96–3	60	Agosto 10, 1993 30 taon, 8 buwan	Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1980–1993); General Counsel, American Civil Liberties Union (1973–1980); Professor, Columbia Law School (1972–1980); Professor, Rutgers University School of Law (1963–1972)
Breyer, StephenStephen Breyer	Agosto 15, 1938 (age &0000000000000085.00000085) in San Francisco, California	Clinton, BillBill Clinton	87–9	56	Agosto 3, 1994 29 taon, 8 buwan	Chief Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990–1994); Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1980–1990); Professor, Harvard Law School (1967–1980)
Alito, SamuelSamuel Alito	Abril 1, 1950 (age &0000000000000074.00000074) in Trenton, New Jersey	Bush, George W.George W. Bush	58–42	55	Enero 31, 2006 18 taon, 2 buwan	Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1990–2006); Professor, Seton Hall University School of Law (1999–2004); U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey (1987–1990); Deputy Assistant Attorney General (1985–1987); Assistant to the Solicitor General (1981–1985); Assistant U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey (1977–1981)
SotoMayoor SotoMayoor, SoniaSonia SotoMayoor	Hunyo 25, 1954 (age &0000000000000069.00000069) in New York, New York	Obama, BarackBarack Obama	68–31	55	Agosto 8, 2009 14 taon, 8 buwan	Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1998–2009); District Judge, District Court for the Southern District of New York (1992–1998); Private practice (1984–1991); Assistant District Attorney, New York County, New York (1979–1984)
Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan	Abril 28, 1960 (age &0000000000000063.00000063) in New York, New York	Obama, BarackBarack Obama	63–37	50	Agosto 7, 2010 13 taon, 8 buwan	Solicitor General of the United States (2009–2010); Dean of Harvard Law School (2003–2009); Professor, Harvard Law School (2001–2003); Visiting Professor, Harvard Law School (1999–2001); Associate White House Counsel (1995–1999); Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council (1995–1999); Professor, University of Chicago Law School (1995); Associate Professor, University of Chicago Law School (1991–1995)

Mga retiradong Hustisya

Pangalan	Ipinanganak	Hinirang ni	Boto ng pagkukumpirma ng Senado	Edad sa pagkakahirang	Unang araw /	Petsa ng pagreretiro
John Paul Stevens	Abril 20, 1920 (age &0000000000000103.000000103) in Chicago, Illinois	Gerald Ford	Barack Obama	98–0	55	Disyembre 19, 1975	Hunyo 29, 2010
Sandra Day O'Connor	Marso 26, 1930 (age &0000000000000094.00000094) in El Paso, Texas	Ronald Reagan	George W. Bush	99–0	51	Setyembre 25, 1981	Enero 31, 2006
David Souter	Setyembre 17, 1939 (age &0000000000000084.00000084) in Melrose, Massachusetts	George H. W. Bush	Barack Obama	90–9	51	Oktubre 9, 1990	Hunyo 29, 2009

Mga sanggunian

↑ "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court" (PDF). United States Supreme Court. Nakuha noong 2009-12-31.
↑ "U.S. Constitution, Article III, Section 1". Nakuha noong 2007-09-21.
↑ See, in dicta Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50, 59 (1982); United States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles, 350 U.S. 11, 16 (1955).

Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Politika at Estados Unidos ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.

[overview-1] "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court" (PDF). United States Supreme Court. Nakuha noong 2009-12-31.

[constitution-2] "U.S. Constitution, Article III, Section 1". Nakuha noong 2007-09-21.

[3] See, in dicta Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50, 59 (1982); United States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles, 350 U.S. 11, 16 (1955).

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Linya 8: / Linya 8: @@
 | location = [[Washington, D.C.]]
 | coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|26|N|77|00|16|W|display=inline,title}}<!--This is in 1.8" (0.0005 deg) increments, appropriate for the scale of the building-->
-| type = Nominasyon ng [[Pangulo ng Estados Unidos]] na may pagkukumpirma ng [[Senador ng Estados Unidos]]
+| type = Nominasyon ng [[Pangulo ng Estados Unidos]] na Mayo pagkukumpirma ng [[Senador ng Estados Unidos]]
 | authority = [[Saligang batas ng Estados Unidos]]
 | terms = [[Supreme Court of the United States#Tenure|Panghabangbuhay]]
@@ Linya 17: / Linya 17: @@
 | termstart = Setyembre 29, 2005
 }}
-{{Politics of the United States}}
-Ang '''Korte Suprema ng Estados Unidos''' o '''Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Estados Unidos''' pinakamataas na [[hukuman]] sa [[Estados Unidos]]. Ito ay may huli (at malaking [[certiorari|diskresyonaryong]]) [[apeladong hurisdiksiyon]] sa lahat ng mga [[korteng pederal ng Estados Unidos]] at sa mga kaso ng [[korte ng estado]] na kinasasangkutan ng mga isyu ng batas pederal sa isang maliit na saklaw ng mga kaso. <ref name="overview">{{cite web|url={{SCOTUS URL|about/briefoverview.pdf}} |title=A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court|format=PDF|publisher=United States Supreme Court|accessdate=2009-12-31}}</ref> Ang Korte na nagpupulong sa  [[United States Supreme Court Building|Gusali ng Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Estados Unidos]] sa [[Washington, D.C.]] ay binubuo ng [[Punong Hustisya ng Estados Unidos]] at mga walong [[kaugnay na hustisya]] na hinihirang ng [[Pangulo ng Estados Unidos]] at kinumpirma ng [[Senado ng Estados Unidos]]. Kapag nahirang, ang mga hustisya ay may tenure na pam buhay malibang magbitiw, magretiro o inalis pagkatapos ng ''[[impeachment]]''.<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/article03/|title=U.S. Constitution, Article III, Section 1|accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref><ref>''See, in dicta'' [[Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.]], [http://www.enfacto.com/case/U.S./458/50 458 U.S. 50], 59 (1982); [[United States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles]], [http://www.enfacto.com/case/U.S./350/11/ 350 U.S. 11], 16 (1955).</ref>
+Ang '''Korte Suprema ng Estados Unidos''' o '''Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Estados Unidos''' pinakamataas na [[hukuman]] sa [[Estados Unidos]]. Ito ay Mayo huli (at malaking [[certiorari|diskresyonaryong]]) [[apeladong hurisdiksiyon]] sa lahat ng mga [[korteng pederal ng Estados Unidos]] at sa mga kaso ng [[korte ng estado]] na kinasasangkutan ng mga isyu ng batas pederal sa isang maliit na saklaw ng mga kaso. <ref name="overview">{{cite web|url={{SCOTUS URL|about/briefoverview.pdf}} |title=A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court|format=PDF|publisher=United States Supreme Court|accessdate=2009-12-31}}</ref> Ang Korte na nagpupulong sa  [[United States Supreme Court Building|Gusali ng Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Estados Unidos]] sa [[Washington, D.C.]] ay binubuo ng [[Punong Hustisya ng Estados Unidos]] at mga walong [[kaugnay na hustisya]] na hinihirang ng [[Pangulo ng Estados Unidos]] at kinumpirma ng [[Senado ng Estados Unidos]]. Kapag nahirang, ang mga hustisya ay Mayo tenure na pam buhay malibang magbitiw, magretiro o inalis pagkatapos ng ''[[impeachment]]''.<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/article03/|title=U.S. Constitution, Article III, Section 1|accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref><ref>''See, in dicta'' [[Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.]], [http://www.enfacto.com/case/U.S./458/50 458 U.S. 50], 59 (1982); [[United States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles]], [http://www.enfacto.com/case/U.S./350/11/ 350 U.S. 11], 16 (1955).</ref>
 ==Mga kasapi==
 ===Mga kasalukuyang Hustisya===
@@ Linya 28: / Linya 27: @@
 ! Hinirang ni
 ! Boto ng pagkukumpirma ng Senado
-! Edas sa pagkakahirang
+! Edad sa pagkakahirang
 ! Unang araw /<br />Tagal ng serbisyo
 ! class = "unsortable"|Mga nakaraang posisyon
@@ Linya 96: / Linya 95: @@
 | [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]] (1990–2006); Professor, [[Seton Hall University School of Law]] (1999–2004); [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorney]] for the District of New Jersey (1987–1990); [[United States Assistant Attorney General|Deputy Assistant Attorney General]] (1985–1987); [[United States Solicitor General|Assistant to the Solicitor General]] (1981–1985); [[United States Attorney|Assistant U.S. Attorney]] for the District of New Jersey (1977–1981)
 |-
-| [[File:Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe crop.jpg|100px|Sotomayor]]
+| [[File:Sonia SotoMayoor in SCOTUS robe crop.jpg|100px|SotoMayoor]]
-'''{{Sortname|Sonia|Sotomayor}}'''
+'''{{Sortname|Sonia|SotoMayoor}}'''
 | {{dts|1954|6|25}}<br />(age {{age nts|1954|6|25}})<br />in [[New York, New York]]
 | {{Sortname|Barack|Obama}}
@@ Linya 114: / Linya 113: @@
 | [[Solicitor General of the United States]] (2009–2010); [[Dean of Harvard Law School]] (2003–2009); Professor, [[Harvard Law School]] (2001–2003); Visiting Professor, [[Harvard Law School]] (1999–2001); Associate [[White House Counsel]] (1995–1999); Deputy Director of the [[Domestic Policy Council]] (1995–1999); Professor, [[University of Chicago Law School]] (1995); Associate Professor, [[University of Chicago Law School]] (1991–1995)
 |}
+===Mga retiradong Hustisya===
-====Court demographics====
-{{main|Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States}}
-The Court currently has six male and three female justices. One justice is African American, one is Latino, and two are Italian-Americans; six justices are Roman Catholics, and three are Jewish. The average age is {{age in years and months|1945|11|27}}, and every current justice has an [[Ivy League]] background.<ref>{{cite news|author = Baker, Peter|title = Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman, and 112th Justice, on the Supreme Court|work=New York Times|date = August 7, 2010|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/08/us/08kagan.html|accessdate = August 8, 2010}}</ref> Four justices are from the state of New York, two from New Jersey, two from California, and one from Georgia.
-In the 19th century, every justice was a [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] male, and concerns about diversity focused on geography, to represent all [[Regionalism (politics)|regions]] of the country, rather than ethnic, religious, or gender diversity.<ref name=obrien46>{{cite book|name=O'Brien, David M.|title=Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics|edition = 6th |year=2003 |page=46|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-93218-4}}</ref> [[Thurgood Marshall]] became the first [[African American]] Justice in 1967, and [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] became the first female Justice in 1981. O'Connor, whose appointment fulfilled [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[United States presidential election, 1980#Campaign promises|campaign promise]] to place a woman on the Court, was later joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, appointed by [[Bill Clinton]] in 1993. Marshall was succeeded by [[Clarence Thomas]] in 1991, who is the second African American to serve on the Supreme Court. After O'Connor had in 2006 been succeeded by [[Samuel Alito]], Ginsburg was in 2009 joined by [[Sonia Sotomayor]], the first [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] justice, and in 2010 by [[Elena Kagan]], so that there were three female justices.
-Most justices have been Protestants, including thirty-five [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalians]], nineteen [[Presbyterian]]s, ten [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]], five [[Methodist]]s, and three [[Baptists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/adh_sc.html|title = Religion of the Supreme Court|publisher=adherents.com|date=January 31, 2006|accessdate=2010-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first1=Jeffrey A.|last1=Segal|first2=Harold J.|last2=Spaeth|title=The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press. |year=2002|isbn=0-521-78971-0|page=183}}</ref> The first [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] justice was Roger Taney in 1836, and 1916 saw the appointment of the first [[Judaism|Jewish]] justice, [[Louis Brandeis]]. In recent years this situation has reversed: after the retirement of Justice [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]] in June 2010, the Court is without a Protestant for the first time in its history.<ref name=Gibson>{{cite web|author=Gibson, David|title=No Protestants: A New Order in the Supreme Court|date=May 10, 2010|accessdate=2010-07-08|publisher=Politics Daily|url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/05/10/no-protestants-a-new-order-in-the-supreme-court/}}</ref>
-===Retired justices===
-There are currently three living ''retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States'': [[John Paul Stevens]], [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], and [[David Souter]]. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts, usually the [[United States Courts of Appeals]]. Such assignments are formally made by the [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]], on request of the [[Chief Judge]] of the lower court and with the consent of the retired Justice. In recent years, Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country, and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the [[First Circuit]], the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court.
-The status of a retired Justice is analogous to that of a Circuit or District Judge who has taken [[senior status]], and eligibility of a Supreme Court Justice to assume retired status (rather than simply resign from the bench) is governed by the same age and service criteria.
-Justices sometimes strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench, with personal, institutional, and partisan factors playing a role.<ref>David N. Atkinson, ''Leaving the Bench'' (University Press of Kansas 1999) ISBN 0-7006-0946-6</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=An Invisible Chief Justice|first=Linda|last=Greenhouse|authorlink=Linda Greenhouse|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/an-invisible-chief-justice/ |work=The New York Times|date=September 9, 2010|accessdate=2010-09-09|quote=Had [O'Connor] anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term, she told me after his death, she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies. [...] Her reason for leaving was that her husband, suffering from Alzheimer's disease, needed her care at home.}}</ref> The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down. The desire to maximize the Court's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time, when the Court is in recess, and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health. Finally, especially in recent decades, many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a compatible president holding office to ensure that a like-minded successor would be appointed.<ref>{{cite book
-|last=Ward
-|first=Artemus
-|title= Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court
-|publisher=SUNY Press
-|isbn= 978-0-7914-5651-4
-|year=2003
-|pages=358
-|url= http://www.sunypress.edu/p-3721-deciding-to-leave.aspx
-|quote=One byproduct of the increased [retirement benefit] provisions [in 1954], however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president. The most recent departures have been partisan, some more blatantly than others, and have bolstered arguments to reform the process. A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. [http://www.sunypress.edu/pdf/60710.pdf] p. 9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
-|last1= Stolzenberg
-|first1=Ross M.
-|last2= Lindgren
-|first2=James
-|title= Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices
-|journal= Demography
-|year= 2010
-|month= May
-|volume= 47
-|issue=2
-|pages= 269–298
-|doi=10.1353/dem.0.0100
-|quote=If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court, and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four-year presidential term, then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met.
-|pmc=3000028
-|pmid= 20608097}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 |-
+!Pangalan
-!Name
+!Ipinanganak
-!Born
+! Hinirang ni
-!Appt. by
+! Boto ng pagkukumpirma ng Senado
-!Retired under
+! Edad sa pagkakahirang
-!Conf. vote
+! Unang araw /<br />
-!Age at appt.
+! Petsa ng pagreretiro
-!First day
-!Date of retirement
 |-
 | [[File:John Paul Stevens official SCOTUS portrait crop.jpg|100px|Stevens]]
@@ Linya 172: / Linya 132: @@
 |98–0
 |55
-|December 19, 1975
+|Disyembre 19, 1975
-|June 29, 2010
+|Hunyo 29, 2010
 |-
 | [[File:Sandra Day O'Connor.jpg|100px|O'Connor]]
@@ Linya 182: / Linya 142: @@
 |99–0
 |51
-|September 25, 1981
+|Setyembre 25, 1981
-|January 31, 2006
+|Enero 31, 2006
 |-
 | [[File:DavidSouter.jpg|100px|Souter]]
@@ Linya 193: / Linya 153: @@
 | 51
 |{{dts|1990|10|9}}
-|June 29, 2009
+|Hunyo 29, 2009
 |}
+{{Politics of the United States}}
 ==Mga sanggunian==
 {{reflist}}