Colombia

Republika ng Colombia República de Colombia
Watawat Eskudo
Salawikain: "Libertad y Orden"  (Espanyol) "Liberty and Order"
Awiting Pambansa: Oh, Gloria Inmarcesible!
Kabisera	Bogotá
Pinakamalaking lungsod	capital
Wikang opisyal	Espanyol
Pamahalaan	Republika
• Pangulo	Juan Manuel Santos Calderón
Kalayaan  mula España
• Ipinahayag	20 Hulyo 1810
• Kinilala	7 Agosto 1819
Lawak
• Kabuuan	1,141,748 km2 (440,831 mi kuw) (ika-26)
• Katubigan (%)	8.8
Populasyon
• Pagtataya sa Hulyo 2005	45,600,000 (ika-28)
• Senso ng 2005	42,090,502
• Densidad	40/km2 (103.6/mi kuw) (ika-161)
KDP (PLP)	Pagtataya sa 2005
• Kabuuan	$337.286 bilyon (ika-29)
• Bawat kapita	$7,565 (ika-81)
Gini (2003)	58.6 mataas
TKP (2004)	0.790  · ika-70
Salapi	Peso (COP)
Sona ng oras	UTC-5
Kodigong pantelepono	57
Kodigo sa ISO 3166	CO
Internet TLD	.co

Ang Republika ng Colombia ay isang bansa sa hilaga-kanluran ng Timog Amerika. Napapaligiran ito ng Dagat Caribbean sa hilaga at hilagang-kanluran, Venezuela at Brazil sa silangan, Ecuador at Peru sa timog, at Panama at ang Karagatang Pasipiko sa kanluran.

Pag-aaral

Ang pang-edukasyon na karanasan ng maraming Colombian bata ay nagsisimula sa pagdalo sa isang preschool academy hanggang sa edad na limang (Educación preescolar). Basic na edukasyon (Educación basica) ay sapilitan sa pamamagitan ng batas. [365] Ito ay may dalawang yugto: Pangunahing basic education (Educación basica primaria) kung saan napupunta mula sa unang sa ika-limang grado - mga bata mula sa anim na sampung taon gulang, at Secondary basic education (Educación basica secundaria), na napupunta mula sa ikaanim ay ikasiyam na grado. Basic na edukasyon ay sinusundan ng Middle bokasyonal na edukasyon (Educación media VOCACIONAL) na binubuo ng ikasampu at ikalabing grado. Ito ay maaaring magkaroon ng iba't ibang vocational modalities pagsasanay o specialties (akademiko, teknikal, negosyo, at iba pa.) Ayon sa mga kurikulum na pinagtibay ng bawat paaralan. Matapos ang matagumpay na pagkumpleto ng lahat ng mga pangunahing at gitna taon edukasyon, ang isang mataas na paaralan diploma ay iginawad. Ang graduate high-school ay kilala bilang isang bachiller, dahil pangalawang pangunahing paaralan at gitnang edukasyon ay ayon sa kaugalian itinuturing na sama-sama bilang isang yunit na tinatawag na bachillerato (ikaanim ay kay ikalabing grade). Mga mag-aaral sa kanilang huling taon ng gitnang edukasyon gawin ang ICFES test (ngayon muli Saber 11) upang makakuha ng access sa mas mataas na edukasyon (Educación superior). Ito mas mataas na edukasyon ay kabilang ang undergraduate propesyonal na pag-aaral, teknikal, teknolohiko at intermediate propesyonal na edukasyon, at post-graduate studies. Teknikal na mga propesyonal na mga institusyon ng mas mataas na Edukasyon ay din binuksan sa mga mag-aaral na may-hawak ng isang qualification in Arts at Negosyo. qualification na ito ay karaniwang na iginawad ng SENA matapos ang isang dalawang taon kurikulum. Bachilleres (high-school graduates) ay maaaring pumasok sa isang propesyonal na undergraduate karera program na inaalok ng isang unibersidad; mga programang ito tumagal ng hanggang sa limang taon (o mas mababa para sa mga teknikal, teknolohiko at intermediate propesyonal na edukasyon, at post-graduate studies), kahit na bilang marami sa anim hanggang pitong taon para sa ilang mga karera, tulad ng gamot. Sa Colombia, diyan ay hindi isang institusyon tulad ng kolehiyo; mga mag-aaral pumunta nang direkta sa isang karera program sa isang unibersidad o anumang iba pang institusyong pang-edukasyon upang makakuha ng isang propesyonal, teknikal o teknolohikal na pamagat. Kapag nagtapos mula sa unibersidad, ang mga tao ay nabigyan ng isang (propesyonal, teknikal o teknolohikal) diploma at lisensyado (kung kinakailangan) upang magsagawa ng career kanilang pinili. Para sa ilang mga propesyonal na mga programa karera, mga mag-aaral ay kinakailangan upang gawin ang mga Saber-Pro test, sa kanilang huling taon ng undergraduate akademikong pag-aaral. Public paggasta sa edukasyon bilang isang bahagdan ng gross domestic product sa 2013 ay 4.9%. Ito kinakatawan 16.9% ng kabuuang mga paggasta ng pamahalaan. Ang pangunahin at pangalawang gross enrollment ratio stood sa 114.9% at 93% ayon sa pagkakabanggit. School-buhay pag-asa ay 13.5 taon. Isang kabuuan ng 93.6% ng populasyon na may edad 15 at mas matanda ay naitala bilang literate, kabilang 98.2% ng mga may edad na 15-24.

Kultura

Colombia ay namamalagi sa sangang-daan ng Latin America at ang mas malawak na lupalop ng Amerika, at ang tulad ay Napadalhan hit sa pamamagitan ng isang malawak na hanay ng mga kultural na impluwensya. Katutubong Amerikano, Espanyol at iba pang mga European, African, Amerikano, Caribbean, at Middle Eastern impluwensya, pati na rin ang iba pang mga Latin American kultura impluwensya, ang mga ito ang lahat ng naroroon sa modernong kultura ng Colombia. Urban migration, industrialization, globalization, at iba pang mga pampulitika, panlipunan at pang-ekonomiyang mga pagbabago ay may kaliwa ng isang impression Gayundin. Maraming mga pambansang simbolo, parehong mga bagay at mga tema, may arisen mula sa magkakaibang kultura tradisyon ni Colombia at layunin upang kumakatawan sa kung ano Colombia, at ang Colombian tao, may sa karaniwan. Cultural mga expression sa Colombia ay na-promote sa pamamagitan ng mga pamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng Ministry of culture.

Demograpya

With an estimated 48 million people in 2015, Colombia is the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico.[3] It is also home to the third-largest number of Spanish speakers in the world after Mexico and the United States.[215] At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's population was approximately 4 million.[216] The birth rate remained at high levels until the early 1970s, but since then, Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates.[217] Colombia is projected to have a population of 50.2 million by 2020 and 55.3 million by 2050.[218] These trends are reflected in the country's age profile. In 2005 over 30% of the population was under 15 years old, compared to just 6.3% aged 65 and over.[219] The total fertility rate was 1.9 births per woman in 2014.[220]

The population is concentrated in the Andean highlands and along the Caribbean coast, also the population densities are generally higher in the Andean region. The nine eastern lowland departments, comprising about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 6% of the population.[120][121] Traditionally a rural society, movement to urban areas was very heavy in the mid-20th century, and Colombia is now one of the most urbanized countries in Latin America. The urban population increased from 31% of the total in 1938 to nearly 60% in 1973, and by 2014 the figure stood at 76%.[221][222] The population of Bogotá alone has increased from just over 300,000 in 1938 to approximately 8 million today.[223] In total seventy-two cities now have populations of 100,000 or more (2015).[224] As of 2012 Colombia has the world's largest populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), estimated to be up to 4.9 million people.

The life expectancy is 74.8 years in 2015 and infant mortality is 13.6 per thousand in 2015.[226][227] In 2013, 93.6% of adults and 98.2% of youth are literate and the government spends about 4.9% of its GDP in education.

Colombia is ranked third in the world in the Happy Planet Index.

Ekonomya

Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanised rapidly in the 20th century, by the end of which just 17% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, generating just 6.1% of GDP; 21% of the workforce were employed in industry and 62% in services, responsible for 37.3% and 56.6% of GDP respectively.[16][106][162][163]

Colombia's market economy grew steadily in the latter part of the 20th century, with gross domestic product (GDP) increasing at an average rate of over 4% per year between 1970 and 1998. The country suffered a recession in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since the Great Depression), and the recovery from that recession was long and painful. However, in recent years growth has been impressive, reaching 6.9% in 2007, one of the highest rates of growth in Latin America.[164] According to International Monetary Fund estimates, in 2012 Colombia's GDP (PPP) was US$500 billion (28th in the world and third in South America).

Total government expenditures account for 28.3 percent of the domestic economy. Public debt equals 32 percent of gross domestic product. A strong fiscal climate was reaffirmed by a boost in bond ratings.[165] Annual inflation closed 2015 at 6.77% YoY (vs. 3.66% YoY in 2014).[166] The average national unemployment rate in 2015 was 8.9%,[167] although the informality is the biggest problem facing the labour market (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).[168] Colombia has Free trade Zone (FTZ),[169] such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the Valle del Cauca, one of the most striking areas for foreign investment.

Pamahalaan at pulitika

The government of Colombia takes place within the framework of a presidential participatory democratic republic as established in the Constitution of 1991.[103] In accordance with the principle of separation of powers, government is divided into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.[134]

As the head of the executive branch, the President of Colombia serves as both head of state and head of government, followed by the Vice President and the Council of Ministers. The president is elected by popular vote to serve four-year term (In 2015 the Colombia’s Congress approved the repeal of a 2004 constitutional amendment that eliminated the one-term limit for presidents).[135] At the provincial level executive power is vested in department governors, municipal mayors and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions, such as corregimientos or comunas.[136] All regional elections are held one year and five months after the presidential election.[137][138]

The legislative branch of government is represented nationally by the Congress, a bicameral institution comprising a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives and a 102-seat Senate.[139][140] The Senate is elected nationally and the Chamber of Representatives is elected in electoral districts.[141] Members of both houses are elected to serve four-year terms two months before the president, also by popular vote.

Heograpya

The geography of Colombia is characterized by its six main natural regions that present their own unique characteristics, from the Andes mountain range region shared with Ecuador and Venezuela; the Pacific coastal region shared with Panama and Ecuador; the Caribbean coastal region shared with Venezuela and Panama; the Llanos (plains) shared with Venezuela; the Amazon Rainforest region shared with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador; to the insular area, comprising islands in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[118]

Colombia is bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru;[11] it established its maritime boundaries with neighboring countries through seven agreements on the Caribbean Sea and three on the Pacific Ocean.[12] It lies between latitudes 12°N and 4°S, and longitudes 67° and 79°W.

Part of the Ring of Fire, a region of the world subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions,[119] Colombia is dominated by the Andes (which contain the majority of the country's urban centres). Beyond the Colombian Massif (in the south-western departments of Cauca and Nariño) these are divided into three branches known as cordilleras (mountain ranges): the Cordillera Occidental, running adjacent to the Pacific coast and including the city of Cali; the Cordillera Central, running between the Cauca and Magdalena River valleys (to the west and east respectively) and including the cities of Medellín, Manizales, Pereira and Armenia; and the Cordillera Oriental, extending north east to the Guajira Peninsula and including Bogotá, Bucaramanga and Cúcuta.[118][120][121]

Peaks in the Cordillera Occidental exceed 4,700 m (15,420 ft), and in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental they reach 5,000 m (16,404 ft). At 2,600 m (8,530 ft), Bogotá is the highest city of its size in the world.[118]

East of the Andes lies the savanna of the Llanos, part of the Orinoco River basin, and, in the far south east, the jungle of the Amazon rainforest. Together these lowlands comprise over half Colombia's territory, but they contain less than 6% of the population. To the north the Caribbean coast, home to 21.9% of the population and the location of the major port cities of Barranquilla and Cartagena, generally consists of low-lying plains, but it also contains the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, which includes the country's tallest peaks (Pico Cristóbal Colón and Pico Simón Bolívar), and the La Guajira Desert. By contrast the narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, backed by the Serranía de Baudó mountains, are sparsely populated and covered in dense vegetation. The principal Pacific port is Buenaventura.[118][120][121]

The main rivers of Colombia are Magdalena, Cauca, Guaviare, Atrato, Meta, Putumayo and Caquetá. Colombia has four main drainage systems: the Pacific drain, the Caribbean drain, the Orinoco Basin and the Amazon Basin. The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers mark limits with Colombia to Venezuela and Peru respectively.[122]

Protected areas and the "National Park System" cover an area of about 14,268,224 hectares (142,682.24 km2) and account for 12.77% of the Colombian territory.[123] Compared to neighboring countries, rates of deforestation in Colombia are still relatively low.[124] Colombia is the sixth country in the world by magnitude of total renewable freshwater supply, and still has large reserves of freshwater.

Etimolohiya

inglésAng pangalan na "Colombia" ay nagmula sa apelyido ng Christopher Columbus (Italyano: Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish: Cristóbal Colón). Ito ay conceived sa pamamagitan ng Venezuelan rebolusyonaryo Francisco de Miranda bilang isang sanggunian sa lahat ng mga New World, ngunit lalo na sa mga bahagi sa ilalim ng Espanyol at Portuges panuntunan. Ang pangalan ay mamaya pinagtibay ng Republic of Colombia ng 1819, nabuo mula sa mga teritoryo ng lumang Viceroyalty ng Bagong Granada (modernong-araw na Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, at hilagang-kanluran Brazil). [18] Kapag Venezuela, Ecuador at Cundinamarca ay dumating sa umiiral bilang independiyenteng mga estado, ang dating Department of Cundinamarca pinagtibay ang pangalan "Republic of New Granada". New Granada opisyal na nagbago ang pangalan nito sa 1858 sa Granadine kompederasyon. Sa 1863 ang pangalan ay muli nagbago, oras na ito upang Estados Unidos ng Colombia, bago sa wakas adopting kanyang kasalukuyang pangalan - Republika ng Colombia - sa 1886. Upang mag-refer sa bansang ito, ang Colombian pamahalaan ay gumagamit ng mga tuntunin Colombia at República de colombia

Kasaysayan

Dahil sa lokasyon nito, sa kasalukuyan teritoryo ng Colombia ay isang koridor ng maagang pantao migration mula Mesoamerica at ang Caribbean sa Andes at Amazon. Ang pinakalumang arkeolohiko nahanap ang mula sa Pubenza at El Totumo site sa Magdalena Valley 100 km timog-kanluran ng Bogotá. [19] Mga site na ito ay mula pa Paleoindian panahon (18,000-8000 BCE). Sa Puerto Hormiga at iba pang mga site, traces mula sa Archaic Period (~ 8000-2000 BCE) ay natagpuan. Vestiges magpahiwatig na nagkaroon din ng maagang trabaho sa mga rehiyon ng El Abra at Tequendama sa Cundinamarca. Ang pinakalumang pottery natuklasan sa Americas, na matatagpuan sa San Jacinto, petsa ng paglalakbay upang 5000-4000 BCE.

Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Kolombiya ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.