Homo floresiensis

Ang Homo floresiensis ("Flores Man", palayaw na "hobbit" at "Flo") ay isang posibleng mga species, ngayon ay wala na, sa genus Homo.Natuklasan ito noong 2003 sa isla ng Flores sa Indonesia. Bahagyang kalamnan ng siyam na mga indibidwal ay mababawi, kabilang ang isang kumpletong bao (bungo). Ang mga nananatiling ay ang paksa ng matinding pananaliksik upang matukoy kung sila ay kumakatawan sa isang espesye na naiiba mula sa mga modernong tao, at ang pag-unlad ng agham pagtalunan ay malapit na sinundan sa pamamagitan ng media na balita sa malaking. Hominin ito ay kapansin-pansin para sa kanyang maliit na katawan at utak at para sa kaligtasan hanggang sa relatibong kamakailang mga beses (marahil bilang kamakailan bilang 12,000 taon na ang nakalipas). nakuhang muli sa tabi ng ng kalansay ay mananatiling ng mga tool ng bato mula sa mga arkeolohiko horizons hanggang mula sa 94,000 sa 13,000 taon na ang nakalipas.

Ang mga nakatuklas (Mike Morwood arkeologo at kasamahan) iminungkahi na ang isang iba't ibang mga tampok, parehong primitive at nagmula, kilalanin ang mga indibidwal na ito bilang aari sa isang bagong species, H. floresiensis, sa loob ng taxonomic kalipunan ng Hominini. Hominini kasalukuyang comprises ang natitira pa species ng Homo sapiens (lamang ang miyembro ng pamumuhay ng genus bading), bonobo (genus Pan), at tsimpanse (genus Pan); kanilang mga ninuno; at ang mga patay na lineages ng kanilang karaniwang mga ninuno Ang mga discoverers na din iminungkahi na ang H. floresiensis nanirahan contemporaneously sa modernong mga tao (bading sapiens) sa Flores.

Alinlangan na ang mga nananatiling ay bumubuo ng isang bagong species ay madaling tininigan sa pamamagitan ng Indonesian antropologo Teuku Jacob, na iminungkahi na ang mga bungo ng LB1 ay isang microcephalic modernong tao. Dalawang pag-aaral sa pamamagitan ng Dean Falk paleoneurologist at ang kanyang mga kasamahan (2005, 2007) ay tinanggihan ang posibilidad. Falk et al. (2005) ay tinanggihan sa pamamagitan ng Martin et al. (2006) at Jacob et al. (2006) at defended sa pamamagitan ng Morwood (2005) at magpakilala, Donlon et al. (2006).

Dalawang ortopedik pag-aaral nailimbag noong 2007 parehong iniulat ang katibayan upang suportahan ang mga species sa katayuan para sa H. floresiensis. Isang pag-aaral ng tatlong token ng carpal (pulso) buto concluded mayroong similarities sa carpal buto ng isang tsimpansi o isang maagang hominin tulad ng Australopithecus at ring mga pagkakaiba mula sa mga buto ng mga modernong tao. Ang isang pag-aaral ng ang buto at joints ng braso, balikat, at mas mababa limbs din concluded na ang H. floresiensis ay mas katulad sa maagang mga tao at apes kaysa sa mga modernong tao. Sa 2009, ang publikasyon ng isang cladistic pagtatasa at ang isang pag-aaral ng comparative mga sukat ng katawan na ibinigay ng karagdagang suporta para sa mga teorya na H. floresiensis at Homo sapiens ay hiwalay na species.

Critics ang nangangkin para sa mga species na kalagayan ay patuloy na naniniwala na ang mga indibidwal na ito ay Homo sapiens nagtataglay ng pathologies ng anatomya at pisyolohiya. Ang ikalawang teorya sa kategoryang ito ay na ang mga tao ay ipinanganak na walang isang teroydeo gumagana, na nagreresulta sa isang uri ng katutubong cretinism (myxoedematous, ME).

Sa view ng Chris Stringer, ang katibayan na species ay tunay ay lumalaking Matindi. Ang isang nangungunang tagasulong ng kamakailang out ng Africa teorya ng modernong tao, siya ay maiugnay pagduda sa bahagyang upang ang mga paghihirap H. floresiensis ay nagpapakita sa mga supporters ng multiregionalism, na naniniwala na ang kamakailang mga tao ay lahat ng isa species.

Mga sanggunian

• ABC Science Online [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (September 21, 2007). Wrist gives hobbit theory the flick. 172. http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2007/2038346.htm. 
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• Agence France-Presse (November 6, 2004). Indonesian scientist says Flores hominid not new species. http://www.mywire.com/a/AFP/Indonesian-scientist-says-Flores-hominid/642869?&pbl=273.  (paid content)
• Argue, D.; Donlon, D., Groves, C. and Wright, R. (October 2006). "Homo floresiensis: Microcephalic, pygmoid, Australopithecus, or Homo?". Journal of Human Evolution 51 (4): 360–374. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.013. PMID 16919706. 
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• Gee, Henry (October 27, 2004). "Flores, God and Cryptozoology: The discovery poses thorny questions about the uniqueness of Homo sapiens". Nature. doi:10.1038/news041025-2. http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news.cfm?art=1329. 
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• Guardian (September 21, 2007). Yes, it's a Hobbit. The debate that has divided science is solved at last (sort of). http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/sep/21/2. 
• Hershkovitz, I., Kornreich, L., Laron, Z. (2007). "Comparative skeletal features between Homo floresiensis and patients with primary growth hormone insensitivity (Laron Syndrome)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 134 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20655. PMID 17596857. 
• Jacob, T.; Indriati, E., Soejono, R. P., Hsu, K., Frayer, D. W., Eckhardt, R. B., Kuperavage, A. J., Thorne, A. and Henneberg, M. (September 5, 2006). "Pygmoid Australomelanesian Homo sapiens skeletal remains from Liang Bua, Flores: Population affinities and pathological abnormalities". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, US 103 (36): 13421–13426. Bibcode 2006PNAS..10313421J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605563103. . PMID 16938848. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1552106. 
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• Jungers, William L.; Larson, S.G.; Harcourt-Smith, W.; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, T.; Due Awe, Rokhus; Djubiantono, T. (December 4, 2008). "Descriptions of the lower limb skeleton of Homo floresiensis". Journal of Human Evolution 57 (5): 538–54. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.014. PMID 19062072. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJS-4V2PSNH-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f61fb21de0ea1cfea8e8a9a422d3d85d. 
• Larson, S.G., Jungers, W.L., Morwood, M.J., et al. (December 2007). "Homo floresiensis and the evolution of the hominin shoulder". Journal of Human Evolution 53 (6): 718–31. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.003. PMID 17692894. 
• Los Angeles Times (May 20, 2006). 'Hobbit' Bones Said to Be of Deformed Human. 
• Lyras, G.A., Dermitzakis, D.M., Van Der Geer, A.A.E., Van der Geer, S.B., De Vos, J. (August 1, 2008). "The origin of Homo floresiensis and its relation to evolutionary processes under isolation". Anthropological Science 117: 33. doi:10.1537/ase.080411. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/advpub/0/advpub_0807280043/_article. 
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• Morwood, M. J.; Brown, P., Jatmiko, Sutikna, T., Wahyu Saptomo, E., Westaway, K. E., Rokus Awe Due, Roberts, R. G., Maeda, T., Wasisto, S. and Djubiantono, T. (October 13, 2005). "Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia". Nature 437 (7061): 1012–1017. Bibcode 2005Natur.437.1012M. doi:10.1038/nature04022. PMID 16229067. 
• Morwood, Mike; van Oosterzee, Penny (2007). A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the "Hobbits" of Flores, Indonesia. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 0-06-089908-5. 
• New Scientist (December 11, 2004). Fight over access to 'hobbit' bones – being-human. http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg18424772.900. 
• New Scientist (September 20, 2007). 'Hobbitt' wrist bones suggest a distinct species. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12667-hobbit-wrist-bones-suggests-a-distinct-species.html. 
• New Scientist (April 16, 2008). Flores 'hobbit' walked more like a clown than Frodo. 3. pp. 983–984. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13692-flores-hobbit-walked-more-like-a-clown-than-frodo.html. 
• The New York Times (August 21, 2006). Report Reignites Feud Over 'Little People' as Separate Species. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/science/21cnd-tiny.html. 
• New Zealand Herald (November 30, 2004). Hobbit woman' remains spark row among academics. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?c_id=82&ObjectID=8500998. 
• Obendorf, P.J.; Oxnard, C.E.; Kefford, C.E. (June 7, 2008). "Are the small human-like fossils found on Flores human endemic cretins?". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B Biological Sciences (Online: Royal Society) 275 (1640): 1287–1296. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1488. . PMID 18319214. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/jl77276376781n87/. 
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• Stringer, Chris (2011). The Origin of Our Species. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9. 
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Higit pang pagbasa

• Goldenberg, Linda (2007). Little People and a Lost World: An Anthropological Mystery. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8225-5983-2. OCLC 62330789. 
• Henneberg, Maciej; Schofield, John (2008). The Hobbit Trap:Money, Fame, Science and the Discovery of a 'New Species'. Kent Town: Wakefield Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-86254-791-9. 
• doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.013
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• doi:10.1038/nature08844
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• doi:10.1038/nature07989
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• doi:10.1073/pnas.0710041105
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• doi:10.1073/pnas.1105585108
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• doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.05.004
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• doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.04.007
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• doi:10.1038/459041a
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• doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-9
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• doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.06.007
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• doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.08.008
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• "What is the Hobbit?" A review of the state of debate regarding the status of H. Floresiensis, circa 2006, from the open access journal Public Library of Science, Biology

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