Justa Grata Honoria: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago
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AnakngAraw (usapan | ambag) →Talambuhay: inalis muna |
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==Mag-anak== |
==Mag-anak== |
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Si Honoria ay ang nag-iisang anak na babae ng sumunod na naging emperador na si [[Constantius III]] at ni [[Galla Placidia]]. Ang una niya dalawang mga pangalan ay hinango mula sa kaniyang mga tiyahin na may kaugnayan sa kaniyang ina, na sina Justa at Grata, na mga anak na babae ni [[Valentinian I]] at [[Justina (emperatris)|Justina]], at ang pangatlong pangalan niya ay hinango mula sa emperador na namuno noong panahon ng kaniyang kapanganakan, na kaniyang amain (o "tiyuhing kalahati") na si [[Honorius (emperador)|Honorius]].<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta'', pp. 161f</ref> Nagkaroon siya ng isang mas nakatatandang kapatid sa ina dahil sa unang pagkakakasal ni Placidia kay haring [[Ataulf]] ng mga [[Visigoth]] na si [[Theodosius]], na ipinanganak noong 414 subalit namatay nang maaga noong sumunod na taon.<ref>{{citation | url = http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/TOULOUSE.htm#AtaulfVisigothdied416 | chapter = Profile of Ataulf | title = Medieval Lands | first = Charles | last = Cawley | publisher = FMG | place = AC}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.roman-emperors.org/galla.htm | first = Ralph W | last = Mathisen | title = Galla Placidia | publisher = Roman Emperors}}.</ref> Ang kaniyang mas nakababatang kapatid na lalaking si Valentinian III, ay ang kaniyang kapatid na buo.<ref>Olympiodorus, pragmento bilang 34. Isinalinwika ni C.D. Gordon, ''Age of Attila: Fifth Century Byzantium and the Barbarians'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966), p. 43</ref> |
Si Honoria ay ang nag-iisang anak na babae ng sumunod na naging emperador na si [[Constantius III]] at ni [[Galla Placidia]]. Ang una niya dalawang mga pangalan ay hinango mula sa kaniyang mga tiyahin na may kaugnayan sa kaniyang ina, na sina Justa at Grata, na mga anak na babae ni [[Valentinian I]] at [[Justina (emperatris)|Justina]], at ang pangatlong pangalan niya ay hinango mula sa emperador na namuno noong panahon ng kaniyang kapanganakan, na kaniyang amain (o "tiyuhing kalahati") na si [[Honorius (emperador)|Honorius]].<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta'', pp. 161f</ref> Nagkaroon siya ng isang mas nakatatandang kapatid sa ina dahil sa unang pagkakakasal ni Placidia kay haring [[Ataulf]] ng mga [[Visigoth]] na si [[Theodosius]], na ipinanganak noong 414 subalit namatay nang maaga noong sumunod na taon.<ref>{{citation | url = http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/TOULOUSE.htm#AtaulfVisigothdied416 | chapter = Profile of Ataulf | title = Medieval Lands | first = Charles | last = Cawley | publisher = FMG | place = AC}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.roman-emperors.org/galla.htm | first = Ralph W | last = Mathisen | title = Galla Placidia | publisher = Roman Emperors}}.</ref> Ang kaniyang mas nakababatang kapatid na lalaking si Valentinian III, ay ang kaniyang kapatid na buo.<ref>Olympiodorus, pragmento bilang 34. Isinalinwika ni C.D. Gordon, ''Age of Attila: Fifth Century Byzantium and the Barbarians'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966), p. 43</ref> |
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==Talambuhay== |
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The historical record of most of her life is little more than brief mentions of or allusions to her presence. Oost notes that she accompanied her mother and younger brother as they set sail for [[Constantinople]] in Spring of 423, and that Honoria was with them when they joined the expeditionary force at [[Thessalonia]] in the Summer of 424 that would restore Galla Placidia and Valentinian to power in the West.<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta'', pp. 177, 183</ref> She was included in mosaics of the Imperial family, now lost, at [[Santa Croce in Gerusalemme]] and in a church dedicated to Saint John the Evangelist in [[Ravenna]].<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta'', pp. 270, 273</ref> Last is ''Carmen I'' of [[Merobaudes (poet)|Merobaudes]] written ''circa'' 443, although a fragmentary poem it clearly includes her in a description of the family of Vanetinian III.<ref>Frank M. Clover, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1006125 "Flavius Merobaudes: A Translation and Historical Commentary", ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society]'', New Series, '''61''', No. 1 (1971), p. 19</ref> These details have led Stewart Oost to observe that Honoria came to feel "that life had condemned her to a dull backwater."<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta'', pp. 246f</ref> |
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Honoria gained a reputation with older historians of being ambitious. She regarded her brother as weak and indolent, based on the events of a brief period in her life. 104</ref> According to the ''Chronicle'' of [[Marcellinus Comes]], Honoria was sent to a convent in Constantinople; [[J. B. Bury]] has argued that her relegation to Constantinople never happened, pointing out that Marcellinus matched the [[indiction]] of the event to the wrong pair of consuls, putting this event 15 years too early.<ref>Bury, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/JRS/9/Justa_Grata_Honoria*.html "Justa Grata Honoria," ''Journal of Roman Studies''], '''9''' (1919), pp. 10, 13 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/295986 JSTOR]</ref> |
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Whether one agrees with Bury or not, it is certain that her brother decided to marry Honoria to a [[Roman Senate|Roman senator]] named [[Bassus Herculanus]] who was considered "safe" and unlikely to use this connection to seize the throne. Faced with this unwanted marriage, Honoria sought the aid of [[Attila the Hun]]. She sent the Hunnish king a plea for help – and her ring – in the spring of 450. Though Honoria may not have intended a proposal of marriage, Bury points out Attila chose to interpret her message as such.<ref>Bury, "Justa Grata Honoria," pp. 11f</ref> He accepted, asking for half of the western Empire as [[dowry]]. When Valentinian discovered the plan, again only the influence of his mother [[Galla Placidia]] convinced him to exile, rather than kill, Honoria. He also wrote to Attila strenuously denying the legitimacy of the supposed marriage proposal.<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta'', p. 284</ref> |
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For years Attila had been planning to invade Rome and Honoria's letter gave him the excuse to make his move. Attila sent an emissary to Ravenna in 451 to proclaim that Honoria was innocent, that the proposal had been legitimate, and that he would come to claim what was rightfully his. Attila made a similar demand in 452, but it was not until more years passed that he made the promised invasion into Gaul, which ended in the [[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains]]. |
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Nothing of her life after her intrigue with Attila is recorded. One assumes that she was married to Herculanus, but in concluding his account of this incident John of Antioch writes, "And so Honoria was freed from her danger at this time."<ref name=JohnAntioch>John of Antioch, fragment 199.2; translated by C.D. Gordon, ''Age of Attila'', p. 104</ref> Pointing at the last three words of this sentence, Bury asks, "Does this imply that she incurred some punishment afterwards, worse even than a dull marriage?"<ref>Bury, "Justa Grata Honoria," p. 12</ref> Lastly, because her name does not appear in the list of important persons carried off to [[Carthage]] by the [[Vandals]] following their sack of the city, the capture of her sister in law and her nieces and the murder of her brother in 455, Oost suggests she was dead by then; whether she died of natural causes or by order of her brother the Emperor, Oost admits "we do not have evidence adequate" to decide.<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta'', p. 285</ref> |
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==Mga sanggunian== |
==Mga sanggunian== |
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Pagbabago noong 23:06, 29 Marso 2013
Si Justa Grata Honoria, na karaniwang tinatawag noong habang nabubuhay pa bilang Honoria,[1] ay ang nakatatandang kapatid na babae ng Kanluraning Romanong Emperador na si Valentinian III — na naging tanyag dahil sa kaniyang pagsusumamo ng pag-ibig at pagtulong kay Attila na Hun na humantong sa pagpapahayag ng huli ng pagmamahal para kay Honoria, at ng karapatan na pamunuan ang Imperyong Romano. Pinatutunayan ng mga barya na nabigyan si Honoria ng pamagat na Augusta na nangyari pagkaraan ng pagtataas ng ranggo ng kaniyang kapatid na lalaki noong 426.[2]
Mag-anak
Si Honoria ay ang nag-iisang anak na babae ng sumunod na naging emperador na si Constantius III at ni Galla Placidia. Ang una niya dalawang mga pangalan ay hinango mula sa kaniyang mga tiyahin na may kaugnayan sa kaniyang ina, na sina Justa at Grata, na mga anak na babae ni Valentinian I at Justina, at ang pangatlong pangalan niya ay hinango mula sa emperador na namuno noong panahon ng kaniyang kapanganakan, na kaniyang amain (o "tiyuhing kalahati") na si Honorius.[3] Nagkaroon siya ng isang mas nakatatandang kapatid sa ina dahil sa unang pagkakakasal ni Placidia kay haring Ataulf ng mga Visigoth na si Theodosius, na ipinanganak noong 414 subalit namatay nang maaga noong sumunod na taon.[4][5] Ang kaniyang mas nakababatang kapatid na lalaking si Valentinian III, ay ang kaniyang kapatid na buo.[6]
Mga sanggunian
- ↑ Stewart Oost, Galla Placidia Augusta: A biographical essay (Chicago: University Press, 1968), p. 162
- ↑ Stewart Oost, Galla Placidia Augusta, p. 193
- ↑ Stewart Oost, Galla Placidia Augusta, pp. 161f
- ↑ Cawley, Charles, "Profile of Ataulf", Medieval Lands, AC: FMG.
- ↑ Mathisen, Ralph W, Galla Placidia, Roman Emperors.
- ↑ Olympiodorus, pragmento bilang 34. Isinalinwika ni C.D. Gordon, Age of Attila: Fifth Century Byzantium and the Barbarians (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966), p. 43
Mga kawing na panlabas
May kaugnay na midya ang Wikimedia Commons tungkol sa artikulong:
- Justa Grata Honoria - Article by [John_Bagnell_Bury|J. B. Bury]
- Scheming princess behind Empire's fall - Article from CNN by Mark S. Longo.