Tingnan ang wikitext ng Noam Chomsky

{{Infobox philosopher|region=[[Western philosophy]]|era=[[Contemporary philosophy]]|name=Noam Chomsky|image=Noam Chomsky portrait 2017.jpg|caption=Chomsky in 2017|birth_name=Avram Noam Chomsky|birth_date={{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1928|12|7}}|birth_place=[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.|thesis_title=Transformational Analysis|thesis_url=http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI0013380/|thesis_year=1955|doctoral_advisor=|doctoral_students={{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}} | [[Mark Baker (linguist)|Mark Baker]], [[Ray C. Dougherty]], [[C.-T. James Huang]], [[Ray Jackendoff]], [[George Lakoff]], [[Howard Lasnik]], [[Robert Lees]], [[James McCawley]], [[Barbara Partee]], [[John R. Ross]], and many others }}|institutions=[[Harvard University]]<br>[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br>[[University of Arizona]]|school_tradition=[[Analytic philosophy]]|notable_ideas={{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}} | {{Plainlist|
* "[[Colorless green ideas sleep furiously]]"
* [[Axiom of categoricity]]
* [[Bought priesthood]]
* [[Cartesian linguistics]]
* [[Chomsky normal form]]
* [[Chomsky hierarchy]]
* [[Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem (disambiguation)|Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem]]
* [[Cognitive closure (philosophy)]]
* [[Context-free grammar]]
* [[Context-sensitive grammar]]
* [[Corporate media]]
* [[Deep structure and surface structure]]
* [[Deterministic context-free grammar]]
* [[Digital infinity]]
* [[E-language]]
* [[Elite media]]
* [[Empty category principle]]
* [[Extended Projection Principle]]
* [[Formal democracy]]
* [[Formal grammar]]
* [[Generative grammar]]
* [[Government and binding]]
* [[I-language]]
* [[Immediate constituent analysis]]
* [[Innateness hypothesis]]
* [[Intellectual responsibility]]
* [[Language acquisition device]]
* [[Levels of adequacy]]
* [[Linguistic competence]]
* [[Linguistic performance]]
* [[Logical Form (linguistics)]]
* [[M-command]]
* [[Markedness]]
* [[Media manipulation]]
* [[Mentalism (philosophy)]]
* [[Merge (linguistics)]]
* [[Minimalist program]]
* [[Non-configurational language]]
* [[Parasitic gap]]
* [[Phonology]]
* [[Phrase structure grammar]]
* [[Phrase structure rules]]
* [[Plato's Problem]]
* [[Poverty of the stimulus]]
* [[Principles and parameters]]
* [[Projection Principle]]
* [[Propaganda model]]
* [[Psychological nativism]]
* [[Recursion|Recursion in language]]
* [[Scansion]]
* [[Second-language acquisition]]
* [[Self-censorship]]
* [[Specified subject condition]]
* [[Speech community]]
* [[Statistical language acquisition]]
* [[Structure preservation principle]]
* [[Subjacency]]
* [[Symbol (formal)]]
* [[Tensed-S condition]]
* [[Terminal and nonterminal symbols]]
* [[Trace erasure principle]]
* [[Transformational grammar]]
* [[Transformational syntax]]
* [[Universal grammar]]
* [[X-bar theory]]
 }} }}|influences={{plainlist| title = {{nbsp}} | [[J. L. Austin]], [[Mikhail Bakunin]],<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book |title=Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, Volumes 2–3 |year=1994 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-10694-8 |page=487 |editor=Otero, Carlos Peregrín}}</ref> [[Alex Carey (writer)|Alex Carey]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |title=Class Warfare: Interviews with David Barsamian |year=1996 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |pages=28–29 |quote=The real importance of Carey's work is that it's the first effort and until now the major effort to bring some of this to public attention. It's had a tremendous influence on the work I've done.}}</ref> [[C. West Churchman]], [[William Chomsky]], [[René Descartes]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent |year=1998 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-52255-7 |page=106 |author=Barsky, Robert F.}}</ref> [[John Dewey]], [[Nelson Goodman]], [[Morris Halle]], [[Zellig Harris]], [[Hebrew literature]],<ref name="Noam Chomsky" /><!--{{cite web |author=Chomsky, Noam |url=https://chomsky.info/reader01/ |title=Personal influences, by Noam Chomsky (excerpted from The Chomsky Reader) |publisher=Chomsky.info |date= |accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref>--> [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]],<ref name="Taylor & Francis" /> [[David Hume]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Noam Chomsky |url=https://archive.org/details/noamchomsky00sper |year=2006 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-269-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/noamchomsky00sper/page/44 44]–45 |author=Sperlich, Wolfgang B.}}</ref> [[Roman Jakobson]], [[Immanuel Kant]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Time and Psychological Explanation: The Spectacle of Spain's Tourist Boom and the Reinvention of Difference |url=https://archive.org/details/timepsychologica0000slif_p2k0 |year=1993 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1469-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/timepsychologica0000slif_p2k0/page/115 115] |author=Slife, Brent D.}}</ref> [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7865508/Noam-Chomsky-interview.html |title=Noam Chomsky interview |last=Farndale |first=Nigel |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=May 15, 2016}}</ref> [[Karl Korsch]], [[Peter Kropotkin]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Noam Chomsky Reading List |url=http://leftreferenceguide.wordpress.com/noam-chomsky-reading-list/ |publisher=Left Reference Guide |accessdate=January 8, 2014}}</ref> [[Karl Liebknecht]], [[John Locke]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]], [[Dwight Macdonald]],<ref>{{cite video |people=Chomsky, Noam |date=September 22, 2011 |title=Noam Chomsky on the Responsibility of Intellectuals: Redux |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK9W5DE7ZtQ |medium= |language=|publisher=Ideas Matter |location= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826012857/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK9W5DE7ZtQ |archivedate=August 26, 2013 |accessdate=October 16, 2011 |time=09:23 |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote=|ref=}}</ref> [[Karl Marx]], [[John Stuart Mill]], [[George Armitage Miller]], [[George Orwell]], [[W. V. O. Quine]], [[Pāṇini]], [[Anton Pannekoek]], [[Jean Piaget]], [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], [[Hilary Putnam]],{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=58}} [[David Ricardo]], [[Rudolf Rocker]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Russian literature]],<ref name="Noam Chomsky">{{cite web |author=Chomsky, Noam |url=https://chomsky.info/reader01/ |title=Personal influences, by Noam Chomsky (excerpted from The Chomsky Reader) |publisher=Chomsky.info |date= |accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref> [[Diego Abad de Santillán]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Marcel-Paul Schützenberger]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Alan Turing]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] }}|influenced={{plainlist| title = {{nbsp}} | [[Michael Albert]], [[Julian Assange]], [[John Backus]],<ref>{{cite web |title=John W. Backus (1924–2007) |url=http://betanews.com/2007/03/20/john-w-backus-1924-2007/ |publisher=BetaNews, Inc. |author=Scott M. Fulton, III}}</ref> [[Derek Bickerton]], [[Bono]],<ref name="Adams">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/nov/30/highereducation.internationaleducationnews |title=Noam Chomsky: Thorn in America's side |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=2003-11-30 |newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=May 8, 2016}}</ref> [[Julian C. Boyd]], [[Jean Bricmont]], [[Hugo Chávez]], [[Daniel Dennett]],<ref name="Chomsky Amid the Philosophers">{{cite web |title=Chomsky Amid the Philosophers |url=http://www.uea.ac.uk/~j108/chomsky.htm |publisher=University of East Anglia |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> [[Daniel Everett]], [[Clinton Fernandes]], [[Norman Finkelstein]], [[Robert Fisk]], [[Jerry Fodor]], [[Amy Goodman]], [[Stephen Jay Gould]],<ref name="Gould_dep">Gould, S. J. (1981). [http://www.antievolution.org/projects/mclean/new_site/depos/pf_gould_dep.htm "Official Transcript for Gould's deposition in McLean v. Arkansas"] (November 27).</ref> [[Glenn Greenwald]], [[Gilbert Harman]], [[Marc Hauser]], [[Christopher Hitchens]],<ref name= "Adams" /> [[Norbert Hornstein]], [[Niels Kaj Jerne]], [[Naomi Klein]],<ref name= "Adams" /> [[Donald Knuth]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Knuth |first1=Donald E. |date=2003 |title=Selected Papers on Computer Languages |url= |location= |publisher= |page=1 |chapter=Preface: a mathematical theory of language in which I could use a computer programmer's intuition |isbn=978-1-57586-382-5 |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Kyle Kulinski]], [[Peter Ludlow]], [[Colin McGinn]],<ref>{{cite book |title=The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory |year=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-51426-9 |edition=2 |editors=LaFollette, Hugh, and Ingmar Persson}}</ref> [[Michael Moore]],<ref name= "Adams" /> [[John Nichols (journalist)|John Nichols]], [[Ann Nocenti]],<ref name=SequentialTart>Keller, Katherine (November 2, 2007). [http://www.sequentialtart.com/article.php?id=737 "Writer, Creator, Journalist, and Uppity Woman: Ann Nocenti"]. ''Sequential Tart''.</ref> [[John Pilger]],<ref name= "Adams" /> [[Steven Pinker]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Narrative, Religion and Science: Fundamentalism Versus Irony, 1700–1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativereligio0000pric |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00983-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/narrativereligio0000pric/page/234 234] |author=Stephen Prickett}}</ref> [[Harold Pinter]],<ref name= "Adams" /> [[Tanya Reinhart]], [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Edward Said]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Edward Said and the Religious Effects of Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/edwardsaidreligi0000will |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77810-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/edwardsaidreligi0000will/page/116 116] |author=William D. Hart|date=2000-04-13 }}</ref> [[John Searle]],<ref>{{cite web |title=A Special Supplement: Chomsky's Revolution in Linguistics |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1972/jun/29/a-special-supplement-chomskys-revolution-in-lingui/ |publisher=NYREV, Inc. |author=John R. Searle |date=June 29, 1972}}</ref> [[Neil Smith (linguist)|Neil Smith]], [[Aaron Swartz]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Book That Changed My Life |url=http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/epiphany |publisher=Raw Thought |accessdate=8 January 2014 |author=Aaron Swartz |date=May 15, 2006}}</ref> [[Crispin Wright]],<ref name="Chomsky Amid the Philosophers" /> and many others}}|signature=Noam Chomsky signature.svg|publisher=chomsky.info|spouse={{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Carol Chomsky|Carol Doris Schatz]]|1949|December 19, 2008|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Valeria Wasserman|2014}}
 }}|children=3, including [[Aviva Chomsky|Aviva]]|main_interests=[[Linguistics]], [[philosophy of mind]], [[philosophy of language]], [[philosophy of science]], [[cognitive science]],  [[political criticism]]|work_institutions={{plainlist|
*[[University of Arizona]] (2017–present)
*[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (1955–present)
*[[Harvard Society of Fellows]] (1951–1955)
*[[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1958–1959)}}|education=[[University of Pennsylvania]]<!--No degrees/graduation dates/majors, etc.-->|awards={{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}} | {{Plainlist|
* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1971)
* [[APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology]] (1984)
* [[Orwell Award]] (1987, 1989)
* [[Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences]] (1988)
* [[Helmholtz Medal]] (1996)
* [[Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)|Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science]] (1999)
* [[Sydney Peace Prize]] (2011) }} }}}}Si '''Avram Noam Chomsky''' (ipinanganak 7 Disyembre 1928) ay isang Amerikanong [[Lingguwistika|lingguwista]], [[Philosopher|pilosopo]], [[Agham na pampagtalos|cognitive scientist]], [[Manunulat ng kasaysayan|historyador]], at [[Social criticism|social critic]]. Minsan inilalarawan bilang "ama ng modernong lingguwistika", si Chomsky ay isa ring pangunahing pigura sa [[analytic philosophy]] at isa sa mga tagapagtatag ng sangay ng [[Agham na pampagtalos|cognitive science]]. Sabay nilang hawak ang posisyong Institute Propesor Emeritus sa [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) at pinagpipitagan propesor sa [[Unibersidad ng Arizona|University of Arizona]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/MITLinguistics/posts/1547120331974705|title=MIT Linguistics|via=Facebook|access-date=2017-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/worldrenowned-linguist-noam-chomsky-joins-ua-faculty|title=World-Renowned Linguist Noam Chomsky Joins UA Faculty|work=UANews|access-date=2017-09-11|language=en}}</ref> at siya rin ang may-akda ng higit sa 100 aklat sa iba't ibang paksa tulad ng [[lingguwistika]], digmaan, politika, at [[Midyang pangmasa|mass media]]. Ang kanyang ideolohiya ay nakahilig sa [[anarcho-syndicalism]] at [[libertarian socialism]].

Ipinanganak sa middle-class na imigranteng[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]] sa [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], nabuo ang maaging interes ni Chomsky sa [[anarkismo]] mula sa mga alternatibong tindahan ng aklat sa New York City. Nagsimila siyang mag-aral sa [[Unibersidad ng Pennsylvania|University of Pennsylvania]] sa edad na 16, at kumuha ng mga kurso sa lingguwistika, matematika, at pilosopiya. Mula 1951 hanggang 1955, siya ay itinalaga sa [[Pamantasang Harvard|Harvard University]] [[Society of Fellows]]. Habang nasa Harvard, binuo niya ang teorya ng [[transformational grammar]]; dito, iginawad sa kanya ang doctorate noong 1955. Nagsimulang magturo si Chomsky sa MIT noong 1957 at lumitaw bilang isang makabuluhang pigura sa larangan ng lingguwistika para sa kanyang makabuluhang gawa na ''[[Syntactic Structures]]'', na nanghulmang muli sa makaagham na pag-aaral ng wika. Mula 1958 hanggang 1959, siya ay isang [[National Science Foundation]] fellow sa [[Institute for Advanced Study]]. Kinilala si Chomsky bilang tagalikha o kapwa-tagalikha ng teorya sa [[Universal Grammar|universal grammar]], ang teorya sa [[generative grammar]], ang [[Chomsky hierarchy]], at ang [[minimalist program]]. May mahalang papel si Chomsky sa pagbagsak ng [[Sistema ng ugali|behaviorism]], lalo na sa pagiging kritikal sa mga gawa ni [[B. F. Skinner]].

Tahasang tumataliwas si Chomsky [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|sa paglahok ng Estados Unidos]] sa [[Digmaang Vietnam|Digmaan sa Vietnam]], naniniwalang ang digmaan ay isang kilos ng [[American imperialism|imperyalismong Amerikano]]. Noong 1967, nakaakit si Chomsky ng malawakang pansin sa kanyang mga sanaysay kontra digmaan na pinamagatang "[[The Responsibility of Intellectuals]]". Nauugnay sa [[New Left]], ilang beses din siyang inaresto sa kanyang aktibismo at inilagay sa [[Nixon's Enemies List|Nixon's "Enemies List"]]. Habang lumalawak ang gawa sa lingguwistika sa mga kasunod na dekada, nasangkot rin siya sa [[Linguistics Wars]]. Sa pakikipagtulungan ni [[Edward S. Herman]], si Chomsky kapwa-sumulat [[Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media|ng isang pagsusuri]], na nagpapaliwanag sa [[Propaganda model|modelong propaganda]] ng mga media criticism, at inilantad ang [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|pagsakop ng Indonesia sa East Timor]]. Bukod pa rito, ang kanyang pagtatanggol sa [[Kalayaan sa pananalita|kalayaan ng pananalita]]—kabilang ang mga malayang pananalita ng [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]—ay nakabuo ng makabuluhang kontrobersya sa [[Faurisson affair]] noong maagang bahagi ng dekada 1980. Matapos ng kanyang pagreretiro sa aktibong pagtuturo, ipinagpatuloy ni Chomsky ang kanyang vocal political activism sa pamamagitan ng paglaban sa [[Digmaang Pangterorismo|Digmaan Kontraterorismo]] at pagsuporta sa [[Occupy Movement]].

Isa sa mga pinakabinanggit na iskolar sa kasaysayan, naiimpluwensiyahan ni Chomsky ang isang malawak na hanay ng mga pang-akademikong sangay. Siya ay malawakang kinikilala bilang isang [[paradigm shift]]er na nakatulong sa pagsindi ng isang [[Cognitive revolution|pangunahing rebolusyon]] sa [[agham pantao]], na nag-ambag sa pag-unlad ng isang bagong [[Cognitivism (psychology)|cognitivistic]] framework para sa pag-aaral ng [[wika]] at ang [[isip]]. Bilang karagdagan sa kanyang patuloy na pananaliksik, siya ay nananatiling isang nangungunang [[Criticism of American foreign policy|kritiko]] ng [[U.S. foreign policy|patakarang panlabas ng Estados Unidos]], [[neoliberalism]] at ng mga makatabagong [[state capitalism]], ang [[Salungatang Israeli–Palestino|hidwaang Israeli–Palestinian]], at mainstream news media. Ang kanyang mga idea ay napatutunayang makabuluhan sa loob ng mga kilusang [[Anti-capitalist|anti-kapitalista]] at [[Anti-imperialist|anti-imperyalista]]. Ang ilan sa kanyang mga kritiko na inakusahan siya ng [[anti-Americanism]].

== Mga sanggunian ==

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{{BD|1928||Chomsky, Noam}}

[[Kategorya:Mga historyador]]
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