Tingnan ang wikitext ng Pilipino sa Ibayong Dagat

{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Mga Pilipino sa Ibayong-dagat<br><small>''Overseas Filipinos''</small>|pop25={{small|14,544 (2011)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/7a3b17c2-22cc-4197-9bd5-ccc6eec388a2/E_CEN_PUB_2011_Y.aspx|title=Macau Population Census|work=Census Bureau of Macau|date=May 2012|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>|pop18={{small|36,400 (2013)}}<ref name="CFO2013" />|region19={{flagcountry|Brunei}}|pop19={{small|32,765 (2013)}}<ref name="CFO2013" />|region20={{flagcountry|Austria}}|pop20={{small|30,000 (2019)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html|title=Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland|website=www.statistik.at|lang=de|year=2019}}</ref>{{fv|date=April 2020}}|region21={{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}}|pop21={{small|25,000 (2013)}}<ref>Amojelar, Darwin G. (2013-04-26) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130427184444/http://www.interaksyon.com/business/60371/papua-new-guinea-thumbs-down-philippine-request-for-additional-flights New Guinea thumbs down Philippine request for additional flights]. InterAksyon.com. (archived from [http://www.interaksyon.com/business/60371/papua-new-guinea-thumbs-down-philippine-request-for-additional-flights Papua the original] on April 27, 2013)</ref>|region22={{flagcountry|Germany}}|pop22={{small|20,589 (2018)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/|title=Ausländeranteil in Deutschland bis 2018|website=Statista|lang=de|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{fv|date=April 2020}}|region23={{flagcountry|Thailand}}|pop23={{small|17,574 (2010<!-- "using data from the 100% sample of the Population and
Housing Census 2010" on p.186-->)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=ชาวต่างชาติในเมืองไทยเป็นใครบ้าง? (Foreigners in Thailand)|url=http://www.ms.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ConferenceXI/Download/Book/447-IPSR-Conference-A12-fulltext.pdf|work=Institute for Population and Social Research - Mahidol University|first=Patama|last=Vapattanawong|language=Thai|accessdate=25 December 2017|archive-date=12 Abril 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412025602/http://www.ms.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ConferenceXI/Download/Book/447-IPSR-Conference-A12-fulltext.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|region24={{flagcountry|Netherlands}}|pop24={{small|16,719 (2009<!-- from years mentioned in source -->)}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://philembassy.nl/default.asp?iId=KHKDG | title=A brief history of Philippine – Netherlands relations | publisher=The Philippine Embassy in The Hague | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215025932/http://philembassy.nl/default.asp?iId=KHKDG | archivedate=2009-02-15 }}</ref>{{fv|date=April 2020}}|region25={{flagcountry|Macau}}|region26={{flagcountry|Ireland}}|pop17={{small|40,347 (2013)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx|title=2013 Census ethnic group profiles|website=archive.stats.govt.nz|access-date=2020-04-28|archive-date=2017-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328200001/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24771&parent_id=24761&tabname=|url-status=dead}}</ref>|pop30={{small|10,000 (2009)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ops.gov.ph/switzerland2007/backgrounder.htm#Overseas%20Filipinos |title=Backgrounder: Overseas Filipinos in Switzerland |publisher=Office of the Press Secretary |date=2007 |accessdate=23 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907134426/http://www.ops.gov.ph/switzerland2007/backgrounder.htm#Overseas%20Filipinos |archivedate=7 September 2008 }}</ref>|religions=|languages=|native_name_lang=|native_name=|pop31={{small|8,000 (2011)}}<ref name="auto">[http://www.kazembassy.org.my/kaz_phi.htm Embassy of Kazakhstan in Malaysia website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111164841/http://www.kazembassy.org.my/kaz_phi.htm |date=2013-11-11 }}. Kazembassy.org.my. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2020}}|region31={{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}|region30={{flagcountry|Switzerland}}|pop26={{small|13,976 (2013)}}<ref name="CFO2013" />|pop29={{small|12,254 (2011)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kalatas.com.au/2011/08/30/president-aquino-to-meet-filipino-community-in-beijing/|title=President Aquino to meet Filipino community in Beijing|work=Ang Kalatas-Australia|date=30 August 2011|access-date=28 Abril 2020|archive-date=25 Mayo 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525082905/http://kalatas.com.au/2011/08/30/president-aquino-to-meet-filipino-community-in-beijing/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|region29={{flagcountry|China}}|pop28={{small|12,262 (2014)}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/tab-2009-04-30-08.html | title=8 Folkemengde, etter norsk / utenlandsk statsborgerskap og landbakgrunn 1. januar 2009 |publisher=Statistisk sentralbyra (Statistics Norway) |accessdate=3 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515130013/http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/tab-2009-04-30-08.html |archivedate=2009-05-15}}</ref>{{fv|date=April 2020}}|region28={{flagcountry|Norway}}|pop27={{small|13,000 (2012)}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/02/29/12/pinoys-sweden-protest-impending-embassy-closure | title= pinoys-sweden-protest-impending-embassy-closure |publisher=ABS-CBNnews.com|date=March 1, 2012}}</ref>|region27={{flagcountry|Sweden}}|region18={{flagcountry|Israel}}|region17={{flagcountry|New Zealand}}|population='''11&ndash;12 milyon''' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/09/article/dutertes-golden-age-comes-into-clearer-view/|title=Asia Times &#124; Duterte’s ‘golden age’ comes into clearer view &#124; Article|first=Asia|last=Times|website=Asia Times|date=September 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138473763.htm|title=Remittances from Filipinos abroad reach 2.9 bln USD in August 2019 - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2020-04-28|archive-date=2019-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015175432/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138473763.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>
<small>ang mga bilang sa ibaba ay mula sa mga iba't ibang taon, nakasipi ang sangguniang sumusuporta sa bawat isa.</small>|region8={{flagcountry|Qatar}}|region1={{flagcountry|United States of America}}|pop1={{small|2,843,071 (2019)}}<ref name=acs17>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=united%20states&g=0100000US&hidePreview=false&tid=ACSDP5Y2018.DP05&vintage=2018&cid=DP05_0001E|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates|date=December 2019|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=20 March 2020}}-</ref>|region2={{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}|pop2={{small|938,490 (2015}}<ref>[https://dfa.gov.ph/distribution-of-filipinos-overseas Government source] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103043/http://www.dfa.gov.ph/distribution-of-filipinos-overseas |date=2017-04-27 }} June 2015</ref>|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}|pop3={{small|679,819 (2013)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2013/7/know-your-diaspora-united-arab-emirates|title=Know Your Diaspora: United Arab Emirates|website=Positively Filipino &#124; Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora}}</ref>|region4={{flagcountry|Australia}}|pop4={{small|293,770 (2019)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics Estimated Resident Population by Country of Birth |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&34120do005_201819.xls&3412.0&Data%20Cubes&B95CDCBDF3B53509CA25855700002DC2&0&2018-19&28.04.2020&Latest |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=28 April 2020}}</ref>|region5={{flagcountry|Kuwait}}|pop5={{small|276,000 (2018)}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Michaelson |first=Ruth |date=23 July 2018 |title=Kuwaiti star faces backlash over Filipino worker comments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/23/who-will-refund-me-kuwaiti-star-ignites-row-over-filipinos-days-off |work=The Guardian |location=United Kingdom |access-date=12 February 2019 |quote=The Philippine president, Rodrigo Duterte, asked the estimated 276,000 Filipino workers in Kuwait to return home, appealing to “their sense of patriotism” and offering free flights for the 10,000 estimated to have overstayed their visas. }}</ref>|region6={{flagcountry|Japan}}|pop6={{small|251,934 (2017)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/01/03/national/filipinos-nepalese-face-challenges-japan-even-communities-grow/|title=Filipinos and Nepalese face challenges in Japan even as their communities grow|first1=Tomohiro|last1=Osaki|first2=May|last2=Masangkay|date=January 3, 2018|via=Japan Times Online}}</ref>|region7={{flagcountry|Malaysia}}|pop7={{small|245,000 (2009)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090206-187868/No-foreign-workers-layoffs-in-Malaysia|title=No foreign workers' layoffs in Malaysia - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|date=9 February 2009|access-date=28 Abril 2020|archive-date=9 Pebrero 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209101514/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20090206-187868/No-foreign-workers-layoffs-in-Malaysia|url-status=dead}}</ref>|pop8={{small|240,000 (2017)}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Rivera |first=Raynald C |date=17 October 2017 |title=Contribution of over 240,000 Filipinos in Qatar praised |url=https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/17/10/2017/Contribution-of-over-240,000-Filipinos-in-Qatar-praised |work=The Peninsula |location=Qatar |access-date=12 February 2019 |quote=Timbayan underlined the important contribution of more than 240,000 Filipinos in Qatar engaged in various sectors, being the fourth largest expatriate community in Qatar. }}</ref>|pop16={{small|50,264 (2007)}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080601000000*/http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=L03 Filipinos in South Korea]. Korean Culture and Information Service (KOIS). (archived from [http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=L03 the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105063058/http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=L03 |date=2010-01-05 }} on June 1, 2008)</ref>|region13={{flagcountry|Spain}}|region16={{flagcountry|South Korea}}|pop15={{small|77,933 (2011)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philippinenews.com/latest-news/2442-filipino-workers-to-celebrate-independence-day-in-taiwan.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000529/http://www.philippinenews.com/latest-news/2442-filipino-workers-to-celebrate-independence-day-in-taiwan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 28, 2011|title=Filipino workers to celebrate Independence Day in Taiwan|date=June 10, 2011|newspaper=Philippine News}}</ref>|region15={{flagcountry|Taiwan}}|pop14={{small|144,000 (2017)}}<ref>{{cite report |author=Ann Blake |date=June 2018 |title=Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth1,2,3														
 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/july2017tojune2018/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjul17tojun18.xls |publisher=Office for National Statistics |page=Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality |docket= |access-date=12 February 2019 |quote=16 Philippines 144 +/- 18 thousands}}</ref>{{fv|date=April 2020}}|region14={{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|pop13={{small|~150,000 (2015)}}<ref name=BusinessMirror>{{cite news|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/20/spaniards-have-high-regard-for-filipinos-living-in-their-country/|title=Spaniards have high regard for Filipinos living in their country|date=December 20, 2015|newspaper=Business Mirror}}</ref>|pop12={{small|165,783 (2014)}}<ref name=istat>{{cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 |title=I cittadini non comunitari regolarmente soggiornanti |date=31 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113203531/http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 |archivedate=13 November 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>|region9={{flagcountry|Singapore}}|region12={{flagcountry|Italy}}|pop11={{small|186,869 (2016)}}<ref name=hongkong2016>[http://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-mt.html A122: Population by Nationality, Year and Duration of Residence in Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120115053/http://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-mt.html |date=2017-11-20 }} Hong Kong Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved April 3, 2020.</ref>|region11={{flagcountry|Hong Kong}}|pop10={{small|188,805 (2017)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2017028-eng.htm|title=Immigrant population in Canada, 2016 Census of Population|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|date=2017-10-25|accessdate=2020-04-02}}</ref>|region10={{flagcountry|Canada}}|pop9={{small|203,243 (2013)}}<ref name="CFO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623000052/https://cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf|archivedate=June 23, 2019|title=Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013|publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration}}</ref>|related_groups=}}

Ang isang '''Pilipino sa Ibayong Dagat''' ({{Lang-en|Overseas Filipino}}) ay isang tao na may pinagmulang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] na nakatira sa labas ng [[Pilipinas]]. Ikinakapit ang terminong ito sa lahat ng mga Pilipino na nasa ibang bansa nang walang takda bilang mga mamamayan o permanenteng naninirahan ng ibang bansa at sa mga mamamayang Pilipino na nasa ibang bansa sa panahong limitado at nakatakda, tulad ng may kontrata sa trabaho o bilang mga mag-aaral. Maaari rin itong tumukoy sa taong may lahing Pilipino. Pagsapit ng 2019, mayroong higit sa 12 milyong Pilipino sa ibayong-dagat.<ref name="auto2" />

== Populasyon ==
Noong 2013, tinaya ng [[Commission on Filipinos Overseas|Komisyon sa mga Pilipinong nasa Ibayong Dagat]] (CFO) na nakatira o nagtatrabaho ang halos 10.2 milyong tao na may lahing Pilipino sa ibayong dagat.<ref name="CFO2013" /> Ang bilang na ito ay bumubuo sa halos 11 bahagdan ng kabuuang [[Demograpiya ng Pilipinas|populasyon ng Pilipinas]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century|last=McKenzie|first=Duncan Alexander|publisher=Balboa Press|year=2012|isbn=9781452503363|location=Bloomington, IN|pages=138}}</ref> Isa ito sa mga pinakamalaking populasyon ng [[diaspora]], na umaabot nang higit sa 100 bansa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=David K. Yoo|author2=Eiichiro Azuma|title=The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pg4HCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA402|date=4 January 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-986047-0|page=402}}</ref>

Wari bang ang mga manggagawang Pilipino sa ibayong-dagat (mga OFW) ay bata at balanse ayon sa kasarian. Ayon sa isang surbey na isinagawa noong 2011, ipinapahiwatig ng mga demograpiko kung paano bumubuo ang pangkat ng edad 24-29 sa 24 bahagdan ng kabuuan at sinusundan ng pangkat ng edad 30-34 (23 bahagdan) nagtatrabaho sa ibayong dagat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Philippines: Selected Issues|last=IMF|publisher=International Monetary Fund Publication Services|year=2013|isbn=9781484374061|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=17}}</ref> Nananagot ang mga lalaking OFW para sa 52 bahagdan ng kabuuang populasyon ng mga OFW. Karaniwang mas bata ang mas maliit nang kaunti sa bahagdan ng mga babaeng manggagawa sa ibayong dagat kumpara sa kanilang katapat na lalaki.<ref name=":0" /> Nananagot ang mga manggagawa sa produksyon at serbisyo para sa higit sa 80 bahagdan ng pag-alis ng mga manggagawa pagsapit ng 2010 at tuloy-tuloy na tumataas ang bilang na ito, kasama ng kalakaran para sa mga propesyonal na manggagawa, marami rito ay mga [[Narsing|nars]] at [[Inhenyeriya|inhinyero]].<ref name=":0" /> Ang mga [[Filipino seamen|Pilipinong mandaragat]], mga manggagawang Pilipino sa ibayong dagat sa industriyang pandagat, ay may malaking epekto sa pandaigdigang ekonomiya, na bumubuo sa sangkalima hanggang sangkapat ng mga tripulante ng [[Merchant marine|bapor na pangkalakal]], na may pananagutan para sa paggalaw ng karamihan ng mga kalakal sa pandaigdigang ekonomiya.<ref name="Dec2018NGM">{{cite magazine|last=Almendral|first=Aurora|last2=Reyes Morales|first2=Hannah|date=December 2018|title=Why 10 million Filipinos endure hardship abroad as overseas workers|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/filipino-workers-return-from-overseas-philippines-celebrates/|magazine=National Geographic|location=United States|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Unsung Filipino seafarers power the global economy|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/02/16/unsung-filipino-seafarers-power-the-global-economy|work=The Economist|location=|date=16 February 2019|access-date=2 March 2019}}<br />{{cite book|author=Kale Bantigue Fajardo|title=Filipino Crosscurrents: Oceanographies of Seafaring, Masculinities, and Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFfpH6rJYEIC|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-3283-5}}<br />{{cite book|author=Leon Fink|title=Sweatshops at Sea: Merchant Seamen in the World's First Globalized Industry, from 1812 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDsd812PbqcC&pg=PA186|year=2011|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3450-3|page=186}}</ref> 

Patuloy at unti-unting tumataas ang populasyon ng mga OFW sa paglipas ng panahon at waring bahagyang dahil sa paghihikayat ng pamahalaan sa pag-aalis ng mga manggagawang kontraktwal gaya ng makikita sa mga pahayag sa patakaran, kampanya ng midya, at mga iba pang inisyatibo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Globalization and International Political Economy: The Politics of Alternative Futures|last=Rupert|first=Mark|last2=Solomon|first2=Scott|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=978-0742529434|location=Lanham|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/88 88]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/88}}</ref> Halimbawa, inilalarawan nila ang mga OFW bilang ng mga bayani ng bansa, na naghihikayat sa mga mamamayan na ipagmauri ang mga manggagawang ito.

==Epekto sa ekonomiya==
Noong 2012, inasahan ng [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] (BSP), na lalaki ang mga opisyal na [[padala]] na dumaraan sa mga bangko at ahente ng 5% sa 2011 patungo sa US$21 bilyon, ngunit ang mga opisyal na padala ay bahagi lamang ng lahat ng mga padala.<ref name=InqIllegal>{{cite news|last=Remo|first=Michelle V.|title=Stop illegal remittance agents, BSP urged: Informal forex channels a problem in the region|url=http://business.inquirer.net/93066/stop-illegal-remittance-agents-bsp-urged|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Noong 2018, tumaas lalo ang mga padala patungo sa $31 bilyon, na naging halos 10% ng GDP ng Pilipinas.<ref name=Dec2018NGM /> Tinataya na ang mga padala na dumaan sa mga di-opisyal, kabilang ang mga ilegal, na lagusan ay 40%   mas mataas kasya sa opisyal na bilang ng BSP.<ref name=InqIllegal /> Noong 2011, US$20.117 bilyon ang mga padala.<ref name=Star2012growth>{{cite news|last=Magtulis|first=Prinz|title=Remittance growth poised to meet full-year forecast - BSP|url=http://www.philstar.com/business/2012/11/15/867048/remittance-growth-poised-meet-full-year-forecast-bsp|newspaper=The Philippine Star|date=15 November 2012}}</ref> Noong 2012, nanggaling ang halos 80% ng mga padala mula sa 7 bansa—Estados Unidos, Canada, the Nagkakaisang Kaharian, Nagkakaisang Arabong Emirato, Saudi Arabia, Singgapura, at Hapon.<ref name=Star2012growth />

Noong 2019, nagpabalik ang mga Pilipino sa Ibayong Dagat ng $32.2 bilyon sa Pilipinas. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business.inquirer.net/265151/2018-remittances-hit-all-time-high|title=2018 remittances hit all-time high|first=Daxim L.|last=Lucas|website=business.inquirer.net}}</ref>

==Mga isyu==

=== Mga kondisyon sa pagtatrabaho ===

Mahalaga ang mga kondisyon sa pagtatrabaho sa ibayong dagat sa mga indibidwal na manggagawa at ang kani-kanilang pamilya pati na rin para sa nagpapadalang bansa at ang kanyang paglagong ekonomiko at kapakanan. Kabilang sa mga mahirap na kondisyon sa pagtatrabaho para sa mga [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipinong]] inupahan sa ibayong dagat ang mahahabang oras, mabababang sahod at kakaunting pagkatataon para bisitahin ang kani-kanilang pamilya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Acedera|first=Kristel Anne|last2=Yeoh|first2=Brenda SA|date=2018-09-13|title='Making time': Long-distance marriages and the temporalities of the transnational family|journal=Current Sociology|volume=67|issue=2|pages=250–272|doi=10.1177/0011392118792927|issn=0011-3921|pmc=6402049}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Dalgas|first=Karina Märcher|date=2016-06-02|title=The mealtimes that bind? Filipina au pairs in Danish families|journal=Gender, Place & Culture|volume=23|issue=6|pages=834–849|doi=10.1080/0966369X.2015.1073696|issn=0966-369X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Lindio-McGovern|first=Ligaya|date=June 2004|title=Alienation and labor export in the context of globalization: Filipino migrant domestic workers in Taiwan and Hong Kong|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-asian-studies_2004-06_36_2/page/217|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=36|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1080/14672710410001676043|issn=1467-2715}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ebidensya na hinaharap ng mga kababaihan ang emosyonal na kaigtingan ng pagkahiwalay sa pamilya sa pamamagitan ng isa sa mga dalawang paraan: una, sa mga sitwasyon ng pangangalaga sa tahanan, hinahalinhan nila ang kanilang mga anak ng mga anak ng pamilyang kumupkop sa ibinibigay nilang pag-ibig at pagmamahal, at ikalawa, aktibo nilang iinisip ang benepisyo na maidudulot ng kanilang kita sa kinabukasan ng kanilang mga bata.<ref name=":4" /> Malimit na napapaharap ang mga kababaihan sa mga kalugihan sa kanilang mga kondisyon sa pagtatrabaho dahil waring nagtatrabaho sila pangangalaga sa nakatatanda/bata at pantahanan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Basa|first=Charito|last2=Harcourt|first2=Wendy|last3=Zarro|first3=Angela|date=2011-03-01|title=Remittances and transnational families in Italy and The Philippines: breaking the global care chain|journal=Gender & Development|volume=19|issue=1|pages=11–22|doi=10.1080/13552074.2011.554196|issn=1355-2074}}</ref> Itinuturing ang mga okupasyong ito bilang di-bihasa at nangangailangan ng kakaunting edukasyon at pagsasanay, at sa gayon napapaharap palagi sa mga di-magagandang kondisyon ng pagtatrabaho.<ref name=":1" /> Mas malamang na magbigay ang mga kababaihang napapaharap sa mga makatarungang kondisyon sa pagtatrabaho ng sapat na nutrisyon, mas magandang edukasyon at hustong kalusugan sa kanilang mga bata. May malakas na ugnayan sa pagitan ng [[women's rights|karapatan ng mga kababaihan]] at ang kabuuang kapakanan ng mga kabataan. Samakatwid, isang sentral na katanungan upang itaguyod ang mga karapatan ng mga kababaihan upang itaguyod ang mga kakayahan ng mga kabataan.<ref name="A call for equality">UN (2007). " A call for equality.". The state of the worlds children. pp. 1–15. Retrieved 2014-05-18</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s04g29f#page-18 |title=Gender and Migration: An Integrative Approach eScholarship&#93; |publisher=Escholarship.org |date= |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref> Ayon sa isang ipinahayag noong 2009 ni John Leonard Monterona, ang koordineytor sa Gitnang Silangang ng Migrante, isang organisasyon ng mga OFW na nakabase sa [[Maynila]], sa bawat taon, ang di-mabilang na [[Filipinos in Saudi Arabia|Pilipino sa Saudi Arabia]] ay naging "biktima ng mga [[pang-aabusong seksuwal]], [[maltreatment|pagmamaltrato]], di-bayad na sahod, at iba pang pagsamsam sa mga manggagawa".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://qa.filipinoexpats.com/node/940 |title=OFW rights violation worsens under the Arroyo administration |last=Leonard |first=John |date=2008-07-03 |publisher=Filipino OFWs Qatar |accessdate=2009-01-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107061353/http://qa.filipinoexpats.com/node/940 |archivedate=2009-01-07 }}</ref>{{update inline|date=April 2017}}

====Patakaran sa pamahalaan====
Ayon sa kasaysayan, nakatuon ang [[Philippine Labor Migration Policy|Patakaran sa Paglilipat ng Paggawa ng Pilipinas]] sa pagtatanggal ng mga harang para sa mga [[migrant worker|manggagawa sa ibayong dagat]] upang madaragdagan ang [[accessibility|aksesibilidad]] para sa empleo sa labas ng bansa. Nag-iiba ang mga kondisyon sa pagtatrabaho sa mga [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipinong]] inupahan sa ibayong dagat, at nakasalalay ito kung kinikilala at ipinapatupad ng bansang kumupkop ang mga [[International labor standards|pandaigdigang pamantayan sa paggawa]]. Itinatakda ang mga pamantayan ng  [[Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Paggawa|ILO]], na isang ahensya ng [[Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa|UN]] kung saan nakiiisa ang 185 ng 193 miyembro ng [[Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa|UN]]. Nag-iiba rin ang mga pamantayan sa paggawa ayon sa mga regulasyon at pagpapatupad ng mga bansang kumupkop. Ang isa sa mga pangunahing dahilan para sa mga malalaking pagkakaiba sa pamantayan sa paggawa ay dahil sa katotohanan na nakakapagrehistro lamang ang [[ILO]] ng mga reklamo at hindi magpataw ng mga parusa sa mga pamahalaan. 

Waring nag-iiba ang mga patakaran sa emigrasyon sa mga bansa depende kung nangingibawbaw ang mga kalalakihan o kababaihan sa partikular na okupasyon. Ang mga okupasyong pinangingibabawan ng kalalakihan ay waring inuudyukan ng mga insentibong ekonomiko habang ang mga patakaran sa emigrasyon na nakatuktok sa kababaihan ay waring inuudyukan ng mga pinahahalagahan, kumakapit sa mga kinaugaliang papel sa pamilya na pinapaboran ang trabahong suwelduhan ng mga kalalakihan. Dahil karaniwang nakikita ang mga kababaihan bilang mga simbolo ng pambansang dangal at dignidad, waring mas mapagprotekta ang mga patakaran ng mga gobyerno sa mga sektor na pinangingibabawan ng mga kababaihan.


== Mga sanggunian ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategorya:Pilipinong diaspora]]