Tingnan ang wikitext ng Astana

{{redirect|Astana}}
{{redirect|Akmola|rehiyon sa Kazakhstan|Rehiyon ng Akmola}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = Astana
|native_name             = {{native name|kk|Астана}}<br>{{native name|ru|Астана}}
|native_name_lang        = kk, ru
|settlement_type         = [[Kabisera]] at [[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Kazakhstan|Lungsod]]
|official_name           = 
|image_skyline           = Astana downtown at evening.jpg
|caption = Tanawin ng kabayanan ng Astana
| image_flag                      = Flag of Astana.svg
| flag_link                       = Watawat ng Astana
| image_shield                    = 
| shield_link                     = 
| pushpin_map            = Kazakhstan#Asia
| pushpin_label_position          = bottom
| mapsize                         = 230px
| map_caption                     = Kinaroroonan ng Astana sa Kazakhstan
| coordinates                     = {{coord|51|10|N|71|26|E|region:KZ|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = [[Talaan ng mga bansa|Bansa]]
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| established_title               = Itinatag
| established_date                = 1830 (bilang Akmoly){{sfn|Pospelov|1993|pp=24–25}}
| government_type                 = [[Pamahalaang alkalde–konseho|Alkalde–Konseho]]
| governing_body                  = Sangguniang Panlungsod ng Nur-Sultan
| leader_title                    = [[:en:Mayor of Astana|Aklkalde]]
| leader_name                     = Altay Kulginov
| area_total_km2                  = 810.2
| elevation_m                     = 347
| population_total                = 1,029,556
| population_as_of                = 1 Disyembre 2017
| population_footnotes            = <ref name="stat.gov.kz"/>
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_metro                = 1,200,000
| population_metro_footnotes      = <ref name="informburo"/>
| postal_code_type                = [[Kodigong postal]]
| postal_code                     = 010000–010015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalcodedb.com/AlphabeticSearch.aspx?country=Kazakhstan&city=Astana |title=Postal Code for Astana, Kazakhstan |accessdate=10 Marso 2015 |publisher=Postal Codes Database}}</ref>
| area_code                       = +7 7172<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countrycallingcodes.com/country.php?country=Kazakhstan |title=Kazakhstan Country Codes |accessdate=9 Marso 2015 |publisher=CountryCallingCodes.com}}</ref>
| website                         = {{Official URL}}
| timezone                        = [[Oras ng Almaty|ALMT]]
| utc_offset                      = +6
| blank_name                      = [[ISO 3166-2]]
| blank_info                      = AST<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geonames.org/KZ/administrative-division-kazakhstan.html |title=ISO Subentity Codes for Kazakhstan |accessdate=10 Marso 2015 |publisher=GeoNames.org}}</ref>
| blank1_name                     = [[Plaka ng sasakyan]]
| blank1_info                     = [[Mga plaka ng sasakyan ng Kazakhstan|01, Z]]
}}

Ang '''Astana'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|ə}}, <small>pwede ring</small> {{IPAc-en|US|æ|ˈ|-|,_|ɑː|s|t|ɑː|ˈ|n|ɑː}}, {{IPAc-en|UK|æ|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|ə}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Astana|accessdate=9 Abril 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/astana|title=Astana|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|accessdate=9 Abril 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Astana "Astana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513103737/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Astana |date=2019-05-13 }} (US) and {{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Astana|accessdate=9 Abril 2019}}</ref>}} (Kazakh and {{lang-ru|Астана|links=no}}), ay ang [[kabisera]] ng [[Kazakhstan]]. Matatagpuan ito sa mga pampang ng [[Ilog Ishim]] sa hilagang bahagi ng bansa, sa loob ng [[Rehiyon ng Akmola]], bagamat hiwalay sa rehiyon ang pamamahala na may natatanging katayuan. Ang opisyal na pagtataya ng populasyon noong 2017 ay 1,029,556 katao sa loob ng mga hangganan ng lungsod, kaya ito ang pangalawang pinakamalaking lungsod sa Kazakhstan, kasunod ng [[Almaty]] na kabisera ng bansa mula 1991 hanggang 1997.<ref name="stat.gov.kz" />

Naging kabisera ng Kazakhstan ang Astana noong 1997, at mula noon umunlad ito sa ekonomiya upang maging isa sa pinakamakabagong lungsod sa [[Gitnang Asya]].<ref name="jtmodern">{{cite news |title=Astana, a city of modern structures |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/07/astana-a-city-of-modern-structures.html |agency=Jakarta Times}}</ref><ref name="Kisho">{{cite news |title=Astana, Kazakhstan: the space station in the steppes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/08/astana-kazakhstan-space-station-steppes |agency=The Guardian}}</ref>

Ang makabagong Astana ay isang [[Nakaplanong pamayanan|planadong lungsod]], tulad ng ibang mga nakaplanong kabisera.<ref name="Astana">{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian |title=Astana, Kazakhstan: the space station in the steppes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/08/astana-kazakhstan-space-station-steppes |date=8 August 2010 |accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> Kasunod ng pagiging kabisera nito, lubhang nabago ang hugis ng Astana. Ang panlahat na plano ng Astana ay idinisenyo ng arkitektong Hapones na si [[Kisho Kurokawa]].<ref name="Astana" /> Bilang luklukan ng [[pamahalaan ng Kazakhstan]], ang Astana ay ang sityo ng [[Parlamento ng Kazakhstan|Kapulungan ng Parlamento]], ang [[Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Kazakhstan|Kataas-taasang Hukuman]], ang [[Pampanguluhang Palasyo ng Ak Orda]] at maraming mga kagawaran at ahensiya ng pamahalaan. Tahanan ito ng maraming mga gusaling ''[[Arkitekturang pangkinabukasan|futurist]]'', [[otel]] at [[gusaling tukudlangit]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Steven Lee Myers|title=Kazakhstan’s Futuristic Capital, Complete With Pyramid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/13/world/asia/13astana.html?_r=0 |date=13 October 2006 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian |title=Astana, the futuristic frontier of architecture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2010/aug/08/architecture-kazakhstan |date=8 August 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=CNN |title=Astana: The world's weirdest capital city |author=Daisy Carrington |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/13/world/asia/eye-on-kazakhstan-astana/index.html |date=13 July 2012 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> Mayroon ding malawakang mga sistema ng [[pangangalagang pangkalusugan]], [[isports]], at [[edukasyon]] ang lungsod ng Astana.

==Etimolohiya==
Itinatag noong 1830 bilang pamayanan ng '''Akmoly''' o '''Akmolinsky prikaz''' ({{lang-ru|Акмолинский приказ}}), naglingkod ito bilang isang pantanggulang [[muog]] para sa mga [[Siberyanong Cossack]]. Noong 1832 binigyan ito ng katayuang pambayan at pinangalanang '''Akmolinsk''' ({{lang-ru|Акмолинск}}).{{sfn|Pospelov|1993|pp=24–25}} Noong Marso 20, 1961 binago ito sa '''Tselinograd''' ({{lang-ru|Целиноград|lit=City of [[tselina]]}}) upang itanda ang ebolusyon ng lungsod bilang [[sentrong pampangasiwaan]] at pangkalinangan ng ''[[Virgin Lands Campaign]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press |date=1994 |publisher=Current Digest of the Soviet Press |page=20 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XNUMAQAAMAAJ |language=Ingles}}</ref>{{sfn|Pospelov|1993|pp=24–25}} Ito ay pinangalanang '''Akmola''' (o '''Aqmola''') noong 1992. Ito ay binagong bersiyon ng unang pangalan nito na nagngangahulugang "puting puntod".{{sfn|Pospelov|1993|pp=24–25}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/kazakhstanbradtt0000brum_f3z9|title=Kazakhstan |date=7 Setyembre 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1784770921|pages= [https://archive.org/details/kazakhstanbradtt0000brum_f3z9/page/71 71] |author1=Paul Brummell |author2=|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Noong Dosyembre 10, 1997 pinalitan ng Akmola ang [[Almaty]] bilang kabisera ng Kazakhstan. Noong Mayo 6, 1998 binago ang pangalan nito sa '''Astana''', na nagngangahulugang "kabiserang lungsod" sa wikang Kazakh.<ref name="The history of Astana">{{cite web |publisher=Akimat of Astana |title=The history of Astana |url=http://astana.gov.kz/en/modules/material/42 |date=19 Enero 2013 |accessdate=6 Oktubre 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007033517/http://astana.gov.kz/en/modules/material/42 |archive-date=7 Oktubre 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Noong Marso 20, 2019, ipinanukala ni Pangulong [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] ang pagbabago ng pangalan ng Astana sa '''Nur-Sultan''', bilang karangalan sa naunang pangulo at matagal nang namumunong pinuno ng Kazakhstan na si [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] na bumaba sa puwesto isang araw ang nakararaan. Bagamat tinutulan ng mga mamamayan ang panukala, agad na sinang-ayunan ng Parlamento ang pagbabago ng pangalan, at opisyal na naging Nur-Sultan ang pangalan ng kabiserang lungsod sa isang kautusang inilathala noong Marso 23 sa taong iyon.<ref name="rfr">{{Cite web |title=It's Official: Kazakh Capital Now Called Nur-Sultan |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/it-s-official-kazakh-capital-now-called-nur-sultan/29837884.html |access-date=2019-03-23 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=Ingles}}</ref><ref name="Inform">{{cite web|title=Parliament approved renaming of Astana as Nursultan|url=https://www.inform.kz/en/parliament-approved-renaming-of-astana-as-nursultan_a3509430|publisher=[[Kazinform]]|accessdate=20 Marso 2019}}</ref><ref name="DW">{{cite web |title=Nursultan, not Astana — Kazakhstan renames capital to honor Nazarbayev |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nursultan-not-astana-kazakhstan-renames-capital-to-honor-nazarbayev/a-47984590 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |accessdate=23 Marso 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1098148/kazakhstan-renames-capital-nursultan-after-ex-president |title=Kazakhstan renames capital 'Nursultan' after ex-president |work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=20 Marso 2019 |accessdate=29 Hulyo 2019}}</ref>

==Demograpiya==
{{Historical populations
|1989|281252
|1999|326900
|2002|493100
|2010|649139
|2016|872655
}}

===Populasyon===
Magmula noong Setyembre 2017, ang populasyon ng Astana ay 1,029,556 katao;<ref name="stat.gov.kz">{{cite web |url=http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT245798 |title=Об изменении численности населения Республики Казахстан с начала 2017 года до 1 декабря 2017 года (Citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan ... to 1 December 2017) |date=4 January 2018 |language=Ruso}}</ref> over double the 2002 population of 493,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2009/0389/analit07.php|title=Население Астаны|website=www.demoscope.ru|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref>

Ang komposisyong etniko ng lungsod magmula noong Setyembre 4, 2014 ay:
* Kazakh: 65.2%
* Ruso: 23.8%
* Ukrainian: 2.9%
* Tatar: 1.7%
* Alemang Kazakh: 1.5%
* Iba pa: 4.9%

===Kalakhang pook===
Ang [[kalakhang pook]] na nakasentro sa Astana ay kinabibilangan ng Distrito ng Arshaly, Distrito ng Shortandy, Distrito ng Tselinograd, at bahagi ng Distrito ng Akkol sa Rehiyon ng Akmola. Ang pook ay tinitirhan ng 1.2 milyong katao.<ref name="informburo">{{cite web|last1=Жулмухаметова|first1=Жадра|title=Чиновники работают над тем, чтобы уместить в Астане два миллиона человек|url=https://informburo.kz/novosti/chinovniki-rabotayut-nad-tem-chtoby-umestit-v-astane-dva-milliona-chelovek.html|language=Ruso|date=31 October 2017}}</ref>

{{wide image|Central Downtown Astana pamorama.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Tanawing panoramiko ng mga punong-tanggapan ng pamahalaan.}}

==Mga kapatid na lungsod==
{{See also|Talaan ng mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod sa Kazakhstan}}
Napapanatili ng Astana ang opisyal na mga [[Mga kambal at kapatid na lungsod|kapatiran]] sa 18 lungsod.
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* 1994 {{flagicon|TUR}} [[İzmir]], Turkiya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/astana_kazakhstan.shtml|title=Astana city |accessdate=3 Mayo 2016 |publisher=OrexCa}}</ref>
* 1996 {{flagicon|POL}} [[Gdańsk]], Polonya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdansk.pl/en/about,2,15.html |title=Partner Cities |publisher=Gdańsk Official Website |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 |archive-date=2014-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016070152/http://www.gdansk.pl/en/about,2,15.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016070152/http://www.gdansk.pl/en/about,2,15.html |date=2014-10-16 }}</ref>
* 1996 {{flagicon|RUS}} [[San Petersburgo|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]], Rusya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2655204 |title=Saint Petersburg to welcome Days of Astana Culture |publisher=Kazinform |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014}}</ref>
* 1996 {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], Heorhiya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571 |title=Tbilisi Sister Cities |accessdate=5 August 2013 |publisher=Tbilisi Municipal Portal |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120155/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571 |archivedate=24 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120155/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571 |date=24 Hulyo 2013 }}</ref>
* 1998 {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Riga]], Latbiya<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_today/Riga_pasaule/sadraudz_pilsetas.htm |title=Riga’s Twin Cities |publisher=Municipal Portal of Riga |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 |archive-date=24 Disyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190539/https://www.riga.lv/lv |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190539/https://www.riga.lv/lv |date=24 Disyembre 2018 }}</ref>
* 2001 {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkiya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara |title=Sister Cities of Ankara |publisher=Greater Municipality of Ankara |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 |archive-date=24 Disyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190520/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara/ |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190520/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara/ |date=24 Disyembre 2018 }}</ref>
* 2002 {{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Polonya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en/node/2920?page=0,0|title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy|trans-title=Twin cities of Warsaw|accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014|language=Polako|publisher=City of Warsaw|archive-date=24 Disyembre 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190442/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en/node/2920?page=0,0|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190442/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en/node/2920?page=0,0 |date=24 Disyembre 2018 }}</ref>
* 2004 {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand<ref>{{cite web |title=Agreement on establishment of bilateral relations between the Akimat of Astana City of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the City of Bangkok of Kingdom Thailand |date=11 Hunyo 2004 |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Astana.pdf |format=PDF |author=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |archive-date=2014-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522233535/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Astana.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2004 {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kazan]], [[Tatarstan]], Rusya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vechastana.kz/sotsium/astana-kazan-desyatiletie-pobratimstva/ |author=Rafik Valiev |script-title=ru:10 лет исполнится побратимству городов Астаны и Казани |trans-title=Astana and Kazan celebrates 10-years anniversary of sister cities status |language=Ruso |publisher=VechAstana.kz |date=18 September 2014 |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 |title=vechastana.kz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501060407/http://vechastana.kz/sotsium/astana-kazan-desyatiletie-pobratimstva/ |archive-date=1 May 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 2004 {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Maynila]], Pilipinas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manila.gov.ph/government/|title=About Manila: Sister Cities|publisher=City of Manila|accessdate=2 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611173109/http://manila.gov.ph/government/|archive-date=11 Hunyo 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2004 {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], Timog Korea<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=10 Disyembre 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |date=10 Disyembre 2007 }}</ref>
* 2005 {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], Hordan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/en/gam/a1.asp |title=Twin City Agreement |publisher=Greater Amman Municipality |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 2006 {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], Tsina<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Beijing Government |accessdate=23 June 2009 |archive-date=17 Enero 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2009 {{flagicon|VNM}} [[Hanoi]], Vietnam<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309233241/http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=9 March 2015 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150309233241/http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |date=9 Marso 2015 }}</ref>
* 2010 {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ufa]], [[Bashkortostan]], Rusya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/150296.html|title=Ufa and Astana Signed Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation|date=|accessdate=17 October 2010|publisher=Ufa City Municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016020621/http://ufacity.info/eng/press/news/150296.html|archive-date=16 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2011 {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meria.kg/index.php?option=com_newscatalog&view=article&id=1511&Itemid=339&lang=kg |script-title=ru:Бишкек и Астана&nbsp;— города-побратимы |trans-title=Bishkek and Astana&nbsp;— Sister Cities |date=12 September 2011 |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 |language=Ruso |publisher=Official website of City Hall of Bishkek}}</ref>
* 2013 {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Oulu]], Finland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Astana-and-Finnish-Oulu-become-twin-cities-18692/ |title=Astana and Finnish Oulu become twin-cities |publisher=Tengrinews.kz |date=19 April 2013 |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014}}</ref>
* 2014 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nice]], Pransiya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://astana.gov.kz/en/modules/material/1647 |title=Astana and Nice established twin relations |publisher=Akimat of Astana |date=5 July 2014 |accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015024605/http://astana.gov.kz/en/modules/material/1647 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 2014 {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astana.gov.kz/en/modules/material/5428|title=Declaration of intent signed by Akim of Astana and Mayor of Croatias capital|date=4 July 2014|accessdate=9 Oktubre 2014|publisher=Akimat of Astana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015024125/http://astana.gov.kz/en/modules/material/5428|archive-date=15 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}

==Talababa==
{{Notelist}}

==Mga sanggunian==
{{Reflist}}

==Mga karagdagang babasahin==
* {{cite book | last1=Pospelov | first1=Evgeni | url=http://www.twirpx.com/file/873195/ | script-title=ru:Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917–1992). Топонимический словарь | trans-title=City Names: Yesterday and Today (1917–1992). Toponymic Dictionary | publisher=Русские словари | year=1993 | ref=harv }}{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | last1=Kozlov | first1=Denis | last2=Gilburd | first2=Eleonory | url=https://books.google.com/?id=tZePAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA297| title=The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s | publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] | year=2013 | isbn=9781442644601 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Khrushchev | first=Sergei | author-link = Sergei Khrushchev | url=https://books.google.com/?id=xTfMDJK7Qu4C&pg=PA739| script-title=ru:Никита Хрущев. Реформатор |trans-title=Nikita Khrushchev. Reformer | publisher=Время | year=2010 | isbn=9785969105331 |ref=harv | title=Никита Хрущев. Реформатор }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/09/ryan-koopmans-kazakhstan-a-tale-of-two-cities/|title=The Eccentric Autocrat Who Spent Billions Inventing A City|last=Mallone|first=Laura|date=23 September 2016|work=Wired|access-date=|via=}}
* {{cite book | last1=Whyte | first1=Andy | url=https://books.google.com/?id=i-wa01TgV3cC&pg=PA216| title=Kisho Kurokawa, Architect and Associates: Selected and Current Works | publisher=Images Publishing | year=2000 | isbn=9781864700190 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last1=Vale | first1=Lawrence | url=https://books.google.com/?id=qWx9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154| title=Architecture, Power and National Identity | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2014 | isbn=9781134729210 |ref=harv }}

==Mga panlabas na link==
{{Sister project links|Nur-Sultan|wikt=no|commons=Nur-Sultan|b=no|n=Astana|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Astana|species=no|d=no|display=Nur-Sultan}}
* {{Official website|http://astana.gov.kz/en/}}
* [http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/2017-astana Official website of the BIE]
* [http://www.expo2017astana.com Expo 2017 Astana-Kazakhstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722023915/https://expo2017astana.com/ |date=2018-07-22 }}

{{Mga pinakamalaking lungsod ng Kazakhstan}}
{{Talaan ng mga kabiserang European batay sa rehiyon}}
{{Talaan ng mga kabiserang Asyano batay sa rehiyon}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorya:Kabisera sa Asya]]
[[Kategorya:Mga lungsod at bayan sa Kazakhstan]]