Pumunta sa nilalaman

Talaan ng mga fossil na transisyonal

Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Bahagi ng isang serye tungkol sa
Paleontolohiya
Paleontology Portal
Category
Isa itong nagbabagong talaan na posibleng hindi kailanman makukumpleto mapaanuman ang pamantayan. Makakatulong po kayo sa pamamagitan ng pagdagdag sa mga nawawala o kulang na item na may mga mapagkakatiwalaang sanggunian.
Maaring isa ito sa maayos na napriserbang fossils, sa Berlin isang ispeismen ng isang sinaunang ibon na Archaeopteryx lithographica

Ito ay isang probisyonal na listahan ng palampas fossils (fossil na labi ng isang nilalang na nagpapakita primitive mga ugali sa paghahambing na may higit nagmula organismo na kung saan ito ay may kaugnayan). Ang fossils ay nakalista sa serye, na ipinapakita ang paglipat mula sa isang pangkat sa isa pang, na kumakatawan sa makabuluhang mga hakbang sa paglaki ng mga pangunahing tampok sa iba't-ibang linya. Madalas kumakatawan sa mga pagbabagong ito ang mga pangunahing pagbabago sa anatomya, na may kaugnayan sa paraan ng buhay, tulad ng pagbili ng mga feathered wings para sa isang panghimpapawid na lifestyle sa ibon, o binti sa isda / tetrapod transition. Tulad ng nabanggit na sa pamamagitan ng Darwin, ang fossil record ay hindi kumpleto.

May perpektong, listahang ito dapat lamang recursively fossil na transisyunal na kumakatawan sa mga supling na mga specie mula sa kung saan na grupo na lumaki sa ibang pagkakataon, ngunit pinaka-kung hindi lahat, ng mga fossils na ipinapakita dito ay kumakatawan sa mga sanga, higit pa o mas mababa malapit na nauugnay sa ang totoo nitong mga ninuno.

Mula sa Nautiloid Hanggang sa ammonoid

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Nautiloids → Ammonoids Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa kaugnayan Estado Deskrpsyon Imahe
>500 Ma

Subclass:

390 Ma

Order:

  • myiembro ng mga Nautiloida.
  • isang direktang ninuno ng mga of the ammonoida.
370 Ma

Subclass:

  • DIrektang kamag anak ng mga Bactirida.

Cephalopods

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Cephalopod Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa kaugnayan Estado Deskrpsyon Imahe
296 Ma

Uri

Isang sinaunang Cephalopod na sinasabing isang Pusit.
164 Ma

Genus:

Ang sinaunag uri ng pugita (octopod).
165–164 Ma

Genus:

Ang matandang Uri ng Cephalopod na maaring pinag mulan ng Pusit at Mga pugita (Vampyromorphida).
89 - 71 Ma

Genus:

Isang sinanunang uri ng octopod.

Ebulusyon ng mga Insekto

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Insect Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa kaugnayan Estado Deskrpsyon Imahe
400 Ma

Genus:

Pinaka matatandang insekto sa daigdig.
400 Ma

Genus:

Kauna-unahang uri ng springtail.

300 Ma

Genus:

Ninuno ng mga Ipis,tipaklong at mga Anay.

316.5 Ma

Genus:

Sinaunang ipis.

140 Ma

Genus:

Pinaka unang Lepidopteran.

92 Ma

Genus:

Pinakamatandang uri ng bubuyog.

80 Ma

Genus:

Pinaka matandang lahi ng Langgam.

56 - 34 Ma

Genus:

Unang Leaf Insect sa Talaan ng mga Fossil

Ebulusyon ng mga Gagamba

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Spider Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa kaugnayan Estado Deskrpsyon Imahe
390 Ma

Genus:

inanakalang ito ang pinaka matandang uri ng gagamba.
165 Ma

Genus

Sinasabing Ang pinakamatatandang gagamba sa uri ng haplogyne.

Mula sa mga Invertebrates Hanggang sa Isda

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
Hindi kumpleto ang talaang ito; makakatulong ka sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawig nito.
The Invertebrates → Fish Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa kaugnayan Estado Deskrpsyon Imahe
523 Ma

Genus:

Mukhang Lancelet ninuno ng mga vertebrates

Karakter

504 Ma

Uri:

Merong mga Palaypay, at hugis-chevron na mga Kalamnan at notokord.
530 Ma

Uri:

Merongitong cranium, nan naging craniat.[1]
480 to 470 Ma

Genus:

Jawless fish isang armadong isdang may panga, tulad sa malaking tadpole kung buhay.
422-412 Ma

Genus:

Ang anaspid, ninuno ng mga May pangang vertebrates,[2] An unarmored, scaly jawless fish
419 Ma

Genus:

Sinasabing ang pinaka matandang isdang may buto.[3]

Mga Chondrichthyes

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
Hindi kumpleto ang talaang ito; makakatulong ka sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawig nito.
The Chondrichthyes Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa kaugnayan Estado Deskrpsyon Imahe
370 Ma

Uri:

Isang sinaunang Pating.
70 - 65 Ma

Genus:

Sinaunang uri ng sawfish
99 – 65 Ma

Genus:

Ang sinaunang Pagi.

Mabubutong Isda

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
Hindi kumpleto ang talaang ito; makakatulong ka sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawig nito.
The Bony Fish Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa kaugnayan Estado Deskrpsyon Imahe
420 Ma

Genus:

Ang pinaka matandang Actinopterygii.

??? Ma

uri:

Isang Matandang lahi ng mgaIsdang Lapad.
48 – 37 Ma

Genus:

Isang unang isda na masasabing kamukha ng Isdang lapad
183.7–125.0 Ma

Genus:

Isa sa mga unang teleost.
99 – 93 Ma

Genus:

Ang pinaka matandang uri ng Palos.
13 Ma

Genus:

Isa sa mga sinaunang seahorse.
13 Ma

Genus:

Sinaunang seahorses.
83 - 70 Ma

Genus:

Sinasabing Unang lahi ng lamprid na isda
56 - 34 Ma

Genus:

Primitibong uri ng Molidae Sun fish
58 - 55 Ma

Uri:

Ang Pinaka matandang uri sa grupo ng mga Hito, sa pamilya ng mga Callichthyidae.
56 - 34 Ma

Genus:

Sinaunang rabbitfish.
48 - 37 Ma

Genus:

Sinaunag perch
58 - 55 Ma

Uri:

A primitive pomfret
48 - 40 Ma

Genus:

Ang unang handfish
48 - 40 Ma

Genus:

Sinasabing ang sinaunang uri ng ostraciid boxfish
48 - 40 Ma

Genus:

Pnakamatandang uri ng aracanid boxfish
48 - 40 Ma

Genus:

A Pninuno ng surgeonfish
48 - 40 Ma

Genus:

isang primitibong uri ng monodactylid moonyfish
48 - 40 Ma

Genus:

A primitive monodactylid moonyfish
48 - 40 Ma

uri:

ninuno ng modernong Moorish Idol.
83 - 65 Ma

Genus:

Ang Primitibong myembro ng Tetraodontidae
83 - 65 Ma

Uri :

Ang primibong uri ng Perciforme
58 - 55 Ma

Genus:

Ang primitibong myembro ng Zeidae
58 - 55 Ma

Genus:

Sinaunang Zeidae
??? Ma

Uri'

A primitive member of the Ichthyodectidae
65 Ma

Genus:

A primitive tetraodontid

Mula sa Isda Hanggang sa tetrapods

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Fish → Tetrapods Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa kaugnayan Estado Deskrpsyon Imahe
416-359 Ma

Genus:

isang sinaunang miyembro ng uring Tetrapodomorpha, Ang piscine ay naging tetrapods o Osteolepis ay ang ninuno ng mga mga tetrapods at lungfish.[4] Fish isang maliit at may katamtamang sukat na isdasng sarcopterygian na may butas ng ilong at palaypay na may mabubutong pangangatawan.[4]
385 Ma

Genus:

Belonging to the family Tristichopteridae, a family that form a sister group to Panderichthys and the tetrapods.[4] Though not on the evolutionary path to tetrapods, Eusthenopteron is of fairly general build and is very well known, serving as an iconic model organism in tetrapod evolution.[5] A medium sized, mainly pelagic fish, Eusthenopteron mainly use the pectoral and pelvic fins for navigation, and the tail for propulsion.[5] The fin was of diphycercal, foreshadowing the straightening of the spine and the evolution of a contiguous fin in fish like Panderichthys
380 Ma

Genus:

Very close to the origin of tetrapods, a "fishapod" elpistostegalian.[4] Fish A large, predatory shallow water fish. As common in shallow water fish, the pectoral and pelvic fins were flexible and paddle-like for propulsion.[6] The dorsal and anal fins are lost, the tail fin contiguous.[7] The spiracles were short and wide, indication large amount of oxygen were taken up by the lungs rather than through the gills.[8]
375 Ma

Genus:

A "fishapod" more tetrapod-like than Panderichthys.[4] A fish, transitional between fish and the early, fish-like labyrinthodonts.[9][10] "Fish" with stout, fleshy pectoral fins with a joint between the innermost and the two next bony elements, corresponding to the elbow in higher tetrapods. The cleithrum bone was free of the skull, functioning as anchoring for the pectoral fins, and at the same time allowing for movement of the neck.[10][11]
368 Ma

Genus:

Analysis of the cranial material shows it was more advanced than Tiktaalik, and together with Obruchevichthys form a sister group to the higher tetrapods.[12] A fairly fragmentary find, Elginerpeton straddles the fish/tetrapod divide with a mosaic of features resembling Panderichthys, Ichthyostega and Hynerpeton.[12] Probably one of the "fishapods".[13] Though fragmentary, the find includes a shoulder blade (Cleitrum bone) as well as elements of the limbs, which shows it had comparable limbs Ichthyostega and Hynerpeton, indicating feet rather than fins.
365 Ma

Genus:

Known only from fragmentary remains, mostly a lower jaw, Ventastega is morphologically midway between Tiktaalik and Acanthostega/Ichthyostega.[14] Possibly oldest animal to have feet rather than fins.[14] A large, dorso-ventrally flattened predatory fish with a well armoured labyrinthodont-like skull. While the fins themselves has not been found, the shoulder girdle is essentially similar to that of Acanthostega, indicating it too had feet rather than fins.[14]
365 Ma

Genus:

Together with Ichthyostega the sole early labyrinthodont known from fairly complete skeletons. It is the oldest animal known to have feet rather than fins, thus making it a true tetrapod and the oldest known unquestionable ichthyostegalian.[15] First known animal with toes rather than fins. The feet were broad and paddle-like, adapted for movement in water.[16] It retained functional gills in adulthood, behind a fleshy operculum.
365 Ma

Genus:

Fairly closely related to Acanthostega. It possibly represent an early (and ultimately unsuccessful) line adapted to moving on land by inchworm-like movements. Together with Acanthostega the sole early labyrinthodont known from fairly complete skeletons. Early labyrinthodont with polydactylous, paddle-like feet and reinforced vertebrae and neural spines. It probably spent time on land, yet retained gills and a tail with fin rayes.
360 Ma

Genus:

While known only from fragmentary remains, it is more advanced than Ichthyostega. Early labyrinthodont amphibian A large, basically salamander-like creature. The shoulder girdle was powerful, indicating it was a competent walker.[17]
??? Ma

Genus:

An advanced ichthyostegalian, it straddle the divide between the fish-like Devonian forms and the more advanced Carboniferous amphibians. It has been suggested it is an early reptil-like amphibian.[18] A large animal with paddle-like six-toed feet. It did however not have gills in adulthood, and is thus the oldest labyrinthodont known to depend entirely on breathing with its lungs.[19]
359 - 345 Ma

Genus:

Hailing from the fossil-poor Romer's Gap, Pederpes may be ancestral to the higher labyrinthodonts. Intermediate between the earlier Ichthyostegalian and the later, more advanced labyrinthodonts. Despite an extra toe on the forelimbs, Pederpes had limbs that terminated in feet adapted primarely for walking rather than paddles for combined swimming and walking like the earlier groups.[20]
295 Ma

Genus:

The Temnospondyli are derived paleozoic amphibians, possibly ancestral to modern amphibians A "classical" temnospondyl, an advanced labyrinthodont group. One of the best known labyrinthodonts, Eryops combines the large, flat skull and short limbs typical of the group.
The Labyrinthodontia → Lissamphibia Evolutionary Series
Appearance Taxa Relationships Status Description Image
290 Ma

Genus:

Colloquially referred to as a "frogamander" due to this taxon being both chronologically and morphologically basal to both anurans and salamanders One of the first transitional fossils towards modern amphibians (Lissamphibia).[21] Primitive traits
  • Backbone with intermediate characteristics
  • Retains a fully developed tail

Derived traits

  • Bears a large space for a tympanic ear
  • Ankle bones are fused together like in salamanders
  • Lightly built wide skull as in frogs[21]

250 Ma

Genus:

Intermediate between generalized amphibians and derived frogs Early "almost frog" transitional amphibian Primitive traits
  • Possessed short limbs and therefore was unable to hop, unlike all extant anurans
  • Retains fourteen vertebra unlike modern frogs who have four to nine vertebra
  • Tibia and fibula are not fused into a tibiofibula

Derived traits

  • Skull resembles that of modern anuran skull with a latticework of thin bones in skull

190 Ma

Genus:

Another transitional form which could be properly classified as a frog An intermediate form which may replace Triadobatrachus as the "ultimate" ancestor of anurans Primitive traits
  • Still possess relatively short limbs

Derived traits

  • Tail is greatly reduced
  • Does not have greatly enlarged legs, but shows some adaptations for hopping, such as a three-pronged pelvis
213-188 Ma

Genus:

A derived fossil frog completing the series of transitional fossils between early amphibians and modern anurans The oldest "true" frog[22] Primitive traits
  • Retains ten presacral vertebra

Derived traits

  • Hind legs are adapted for hopping

210 Ma

Genus:

Intermediate between basal amphibians and caecilians An early caecilian Primitive traits
  • Bears three-toed vestigial limbs
  • The size of the orbits indicates well developed eyes and suggest a non-subterranean lifestyle

Derived traits

  • The body has been adapted to a sort of serpentine shape

Mula sa mga Amphibians hanggang sa mga amniotes (unang lahi ng mga reptilya)

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Amphibians → Reptiles Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Kaugnayan Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
326 - 318 Ma

Genus:

One of the early reptile-like amphibians Amphibian A large, somewhat lizard-like labyrinthodont with a deep skull, laterally placed eyes and five digits to each foot.
??? Ma

Genus:

The order Diadectomorpha is the sister group of the amniotes. The Limnoscelis was originally described as a "cotylosaur" (early reptiles) together with the other diadectomorphans. Today the large-bodied diadectomorphs are thought to have had a larval stage, falling close to, but just outside the amphibian/reptile divide. A large, predatory reptile-like amphibian. The limbs are extremely heavily built, indicating it fed on slow moving prey.
??? Ma

Genus:

Uncertain phylogeny, possibly a Seymouriamorph or Diadectomorph[23][24] Amphibian A medium sized, probably herbivorious animal
350 Ma

Genus:

Uncertain phylogenetic position. Westlothiana may be a small-bodied diadectopmorph, falling just outside the amphibian/reptile divide Originally described as the first reptile, it is now considered an advanced reptile-like amphibian. Small, probably insectovorious animal. The body and tail was long, the limbs small, somewhat like a modern skink.
320-305 Ma

Genus:

Possibly allied to the Diadectomorpha, or belonging to a sister group to Diadectomorpha and Amniota[25] Likely an amphibian[25] Smallish, likely carnivorious.[26]
340 Ma

Genus:

The fragmentary nature of the fossil (it lacks a cranium) makes an exact phylogenetic position hard to establish. Possibly the first animal with an amniote egg, and thus the first reptile. Small lizard-like animal, the first known tetrapod to possess claws, indicating it has reptilian type skin with scutes.[27]
315 Ma

Genus:

One of several small, basal reptile genera Reptile An early anapsid reptile, considered to be ancestral to both the synapsid and sauropsid lines, and thus the oldest representative of the crown group amniotes.
312 - 304 Ma

Genus:

One of several small, basal reptile genera Reptile (most likely a sauropsid) An early anapsid reptile. In phylogenetic analysis it falls on the sauropsid side, it is thus likely a progenitor of the diapsids

Pinag mulan ng mga Pagong at mga Pawikan

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Turtle Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
220 Ma

Genus:

Pinaka matandang uri ng Pagong.

210 Ma

Uri:

164 Ma

Uri:

Isang Tulay ng Ebolusyon sa pagitan ng mga pagong at mga sea turtles.

Mula sa mga Butiki hanggang sa mga Ahas

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Lizard → Snake Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
92 Ma

Uri:

Isang uri ng Butiki na nasa anyong ahas na mula sa Panahong Cretaceous , Ito ay may apat na mga paa , (Marahil nagagamit o Marring ding hindi ang mga ito) .[28]
90 Ma

Uri:

Isang uri ng Sinaunang ahas na may dalwang paa.

Uri ng mga Butiki

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
Hindi kumpleto ang talaang ito; makakatulong ka sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawig nito.
The Lizard Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
61 - 58 Ma

Genus:

Isa sa mga nakitang kauna-unahang chameleon.
92 Ma

Genus:

isang uri ng mosasauroid mula s Upper Cretaceous ng Hilanagng Amerika.
71 - 82 Ma

Genus:

Isa sa mga matandang uri ng Varanoidea.
146–100 Ma

Genus:

isang sinaunang uri ng iguanid
97–100 Ma

Genus:

Pinaka matandang uri ng tuko

Ang Pterosaura

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
Rhamphorhynchoidea → Pterodactyloidea Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
160 Ma

Uri:

Basal to both rhamphorhynchoids and pterodactyloids
160 Ma

Genus

Ebulusyon ng mga Archosaura hanggang sa dinosaura

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]

Padron:Expert-subject

Hindi kumpleto ang talaang ito; makakatulong ka sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawig nito.
The Archosauria → Dinosauria Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
??? Ma

Genus:

Ang Pinaka matandang uri ng archosaur, Ang Proterosuchus ay isa sa mga pinakamalaking reptilya lupa sa panahon ng Maagang Triassic, tungkol sa laki ng sa ngayon Komodo dragon s. Ito ay tumingin medyo buwaya, may nababagsak binti, mahaba ang panga, malakas na kalamnan at isang mahabang buntot. Ang isang natatanging proterosuchus kaugalian ay ang kakaiba hugis .

??? Ma

Genus:

??? Ma

Genus:

Ang pinakaMatandang hayop sa uri ng dinosauro at terosor, magmula pa sa 245,000,000 taon na ang nakakaraan[31] A small, lightly built animal. It had a fairly long neck (contrary to the short necked relatives of crocodiles), but ran on all four legs.
??? Ma

Genus:

Nadiskubre lamang sa hwa-hiwalay na fossil ang Spondylosoma ay maaring isang naunang lahi o magiging dinosaur.[32] It has however also been classified as a rauisuchian.[33]
228 Ma

Genus:

Ang kauna-unahang masasabing isangsauropod.[34][35][36] isang mallit (na umaabo lamang sa 1 metro, ~ 10 kg) na kayang lumalakad sa dalawang paa at may matatalim na mga ngipin at mabilis din tumak bo at may matatalas na mga kuko.

Dinosauria

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]

Padron:Expert-subject

Hindi kumpleto ang talaang ito; makakatulong ka sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawig nito.
The Dinosauria Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
228 to 216.5 Ma

Genus:

Pinaka matandang uri ng ornithischian.

216–200 Ma

Genus:

Ang sinaunang uri ng sauropodomorph bago naging ganap na dinosaur.
??? Ma

Genus:

Ang pinaka matandang nakita na lahi ng stegosaur.
??? Ma

Genus:

isang pachycephalosaur mula sa Barremian panahon ng Cretaceous.
160 Ma

Genus:

isang uri ng ceratopsian mula sa Huling panahon ng Jurasik a Asya Sentral.
160 Ma

Genus:

isang lahi ng proceratosaurid at tyrannosauroid , isa sa pinaka matandang halimbawa ng dinosaur.
126 Ma

Genus:

Ang snaunang uri ng mga therizinosaur
208–194 Ma

Genus:

Isa sa mga sinaunang uri ng thyreophorans.
130–125 Ma

Genus:

Maaring ninuno ng mga dinosaur na may tuka na parang sa itik.
??? Ma

Genus:

Isang sinaunang uri ng ornithomimosaur.

Mula sa Dinosaur hanggang sa mga ibon

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
Karagdagang impormasyon: Origin of birds
Karagdagang impormasyon: Evolution of birds
The Dinosaurs → birds Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
152-151 Ma

Genus:

Primitive traits
  • Undifferentiated hind digits displaying no specialties for climbing
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Basic proto-feathers cover parts of the body for insulation
168-152 Ma

Genus:

The find is represented only by a hind leg, but one that is very bird-like. It belonged to a small maniraptoran dinosaur with long, pennaceous feathers on its hind legs and (in all likelihood) arms.
161-151 Ma

Genus:

Basal troodontid Although once classified as a bird, Anchiornis is now considered a basal troodontid which bears pennaceous, symmetrical feathers on all four limbs. Primitive traits
  • Wings symmetrical and rounded, probably not used for flight but instead insulation, mating displays, and gliding
  • Long legs overall morphology similar to that of other troodontids
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Flexible wrists which are more similar to aves than other theropods
  • Like birds and unlike troodontids, Anchiornis had arms nearly the same length as the hind legs
  • Bore primary and secondary pennaceous symmetrical wings on both arms, legs, toes, and wrist
150–145 Ma

Genus:

Known for its mosaic of avian and theropod characteristics Archaeopteryx is both the first primitive bird in the fossil record and one of the first transitional fossils discovered. Traditionally seen as the first proper bird, though it is not directly ancestral to modern birds.[37] An excellent intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. Capable of gliding, but lacking alula and keel, it could likely not sustain powered flight. Primitive traits
  • Slower dinosaur-like growth rate
  • No keel
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Forelimbs have three unfused, clawed fingers, no alula
  • Maxilla and premaxilla bore unserrated teeth
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Fully developed asymmetrical flight feathers
  • Fused furcula from two joined clavicles
  • Backward and elongated pubis similar to maniraptors, but not found in more primitive theropods
120 Ma

Genus:

Found in the famous Liaoning province Confuciusornis is the first primitive bird with a pygostyle. With its short tail and toothless beak, Confuciusornis is very modern looking compared to Archaeopteryx. The toothless beak is however a case of convergent evolution, as more advanced birds retained teeth, illustration the sometimes confusing mosaic evolution of the dinosaur-bird transition. Primitive traits
  • Retained unfused clawed digits, no alula
  • Sideways-facing glenoid joint

Derived traits

  • Short tail with fused vertebrae at the end (pygostyle)
  • Larger sternum with a low primitive keel
  • Unlike other early birds Confuciusornis had a toothless beak
115 Ma

Genus:

Primitive bird and possibly a descendant of "urvogels" like Archaeopteryx. First bird to possess an alula. Plesiomophic traits
  • Two unfused, functional digits remain on second and third digit

Derived traits

  • First digit bearing an alula rather than claw
93.5-75 Ma

Genus:

Considered a close relative to the ancestor to modern birds A flying bird found in several epochs in the late Cretaceous which still bore teeth, but in most respects very similar to Neornithes. Primitive traits
  • Numerous sharp teeth in much of the beak

Derived traits

  • Fused bones (metacarpals) II & III of the hand
  • Rigid ribcage with a well-developed carina
  • No functional claws on the hand
  • Short childhood with distinct adult stage.[38]

Ebolusyon ng Mga Ibon

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]

Padron:Expert-subject

Hindi kumpleto ang talaang ito; makakatulong ka sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawig nito.
The Bird Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
60-58 Ma

Uri:

Ang Kauna unahang uri ng Penguin.

??? Ma

Genus:

Akuna unahang uri ng flamingo.
??? Ma

Genus:

Ang kauna unahang gaviiform.
55-48 Ma

Genus:

Ang kauna unahangpsittacine.
??? Ma

Genus:

Isang Ang kauna unahang uri ng falconiform.
50 Ma

Genus:

Ang kauna unahang uri ng apodiform.

Ang mga Synapsid (Reptilya na naging myebro ng Mamalya)

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Synapsids → Mammals Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Deiskripsyon Imahe
??? Ma

Genus:

Kilala sa pagkaka hiwa-hiwalay na pag kakadiskubre ang mga Protoclepsydrops Maaring sila ang mga unang synapsid (Sa pagitan ng mamalya at mga Reptilya) isang mabagal at mukhang butiking nilalang na may katamtamang sukat.
306 Ma

Genus:

The oldest undisputed synapsid (mammal-like reptile) Primitbong Anyo
  • Isang Palapad at mukhang butiki.
  • Typically reptilian sprawling gait
  • Generally lizard-like proportions with a dorso-ventrally flattened body

Pagbabago

297 Ma Genus: A primitive member of the Sphenacodontidae, or possibly just outside the group.[39][40] A pelycosaur-grade synapsid Derived traits
  • Two or three moderately large canine-like teeth about a third down the maxilla.[41]
  • Dentary bone the largest element of the lower jaw[40]
  • The skull deeper than in Archaeothyris
265 Ma

Genus:

An advanced member of the family Sphenacodontidae, from which the therapsids (advanced synapsids) evolved A pelycosaur-grade synapsid. At up to 4 meters, Dimetrodon was one of the largest animals of its time. The distinct sail of the back makes it the most recognized synapsid known

Primitive traits

  • Cold blooded metabolism dependent of external heat source (hence the "sail")[42]
  • Sprawling gait
  • No secondary palate
  • No enlarged side teeth in the lower jaw

Derived traits

  • Distinctly elongated 2nd and 3rd tooth on the maxilla, corresponding to the canine in mammals. The first canine generally longer than the second.[43]
  • Skull deep and narrow
  • Body overall deeper than in earlier forms
267 Ma

Genus:

Ang sinaunang therapsid. na kasing laki nga isang Aso, Ang Biarmosuchus ay isang magaan na hayop na kkayang kumain ng isang rin na hayop na kasinglai ng isang Agila.[44]

Primitive traits

Derived traits

  • A single canine as the first tooth on the maxilla, all other maxillary teeth small
  • Tendency for an enlarged caninelike tooth on the dentary
  • Internal nostrils covered by a partial fleshy palate[46]
  • Enlarged temporal opening giving more powerful bite
248-245 Ma

Genus:

A small bodied relative of the larger Cynognathus. Am advanced cynodont, just on the reptilian side of the reptile/mammal divide Primitive traits

Derived traits

  • Well developed respiratory turbinates and palate, indicating homeothermy
  • Generally mammal-like dentition.
  • Mammal-like ecology: Burrowing and small size
  • Animals of different sizes found together, indicating post-hatching parental care.
205 Ma

Genus:

Isang Sinaunang Mamalya
125 Ma

Genus:

Isang Sinaunang mammalya.

Ebolusyon ng Uring mammalya

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Mammal Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
100–104 Ma

Genus:

Sinaunang uri ng monotreme.

125 Ma

Genus:

Ang Pinaka matandang uri ng metatherian na nakita.

?? Ma

Genus:

Ang kauna-unahang lahi ng marsupial (umaakyat o nakatira sa Puno).

164-165 Ma

Genus:

Isa sa matandang uri ng eutherian[48]

63-50 Ma

Genus:

Kauna-unahang lahi ng proboscidean.

60-55 Ma

Genus:

Posibleng ninuno ng mga hayop / mamalya na nasa hanay ng Carnivora.

15.97–11.61 Ma

Genus:

Kauna-unahang uri ng Alamid.

20-18 Ma

Genus:

Matandang uri ng bovid.

45-40 Ma

Genus:

Ang pinaka matandang uri kamely na nakita, at ang pinaka maliit.

??? Ma

Genus:

Hinihinalang ang ninuno ng mga modernong uri ng tapir at mga rhinoceros.

55.4—48.6 Ma

Genus:

Isa din sa pinag hihinalaang ninuno ng mga tapir.

38—33.9 Ma

Genus:

Isang matandang lahi ng canid.

??? Ma

Genus:

ang matandang uri ng lagomorph na nakita.

52.5 Ma

Genus:

Isa sa pinaka matatdang ninuno ng mga monospecific na nasa lahi ng mga paniki.

2 Ma

Species:

ang isa sa mga Pinaka matandang miyembro ng Higanteng Panda.

63 - 61.7Ma

Genus:

Pinaniniwalaang ang isa sa kauna-unahang uri ng primate (Lahi ng unggoy) o isang proto-primate, na isang 'primatomorph na ninuno ng mga Plesiadapiformes.
12.5-8.5 Ma

Genus:

MIto ay isang sinaunang lahi ng unggoy na maihahalintulad sa mga Urangutan.

16 - 8 Ma

Genus:

Isa sa maaring ninuno ng lahinghippopotamid (Hipoptamus).

?? Ma

Genus:

Ito ang masasbing Kauna-unahang uri ng totoong may kaliskis pangolin.

Mual sa uring artiodactyla hanggang sa pagiging balyena (Ebolusyon ng mga Balyena)

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The whale Evolutionary Series
Appearance Taxa Relationships Status Description Image
55.8 ± 0.2 - 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma

Genus:

50 Ma

Genus:

46 Ma

Genus:

47 Ma

Genus:

41-33 Ma

Genus:

25 Ma

Genus:

40-34 Ma

Genus:

8-15 Ma

Genus:

26 Ma

Genus:

Ebolusyon ng lahi ng mga Sirenia

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Sirenia Evolutionary Series
Paglitaw Taxa Relasyon Estado Diskripsyon Imaghe
50 Ma

Genus:

Isang sinaunang sirenia.

40 Ma

Genus:

??? Ma

Genus:

48.6–33.9 Ma

Genus:

Ang ninuno ng mga Sinaunang sirenia hanggang sa lahi ng sirenian na nakatira sa katubigan

??? Ma

Genus:

Ebolusyon ng mga pinnipedo

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Pinniped Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Relasyon estado Diskripsyon Imahe
21 to 24 Ma

Genus:

Ang sinasabing sinaunang uri ng pinnipedo.

??? Ma

Genus:

A very basal pinniped.
24-22 Ma

Genus:

Ang sinaunang lahi ng seal, ngunit mas primitibo pa ang ulo at mga paa nito.

Ebolusyon of ng mga Kabayo

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
The Hyracotherium → Equus Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Kaugnayan Status Diskripsyon Imahe
60-45 Ma

Genus:

40-30 Ma

Genus:

20 Ma

Genus:

17-11 Ma

Genus:

12 Ma

Genus:

1.8-0 Ma

Genus:

Ebolusyon ng Sangkatauhan

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
Karagdagang impormasyon: Timeline of human evolution
The Human Evolutionary Series
Pag litaw Taxa Kaugnay Estado Diskripsyon Imahe
36-32 Ma

Genus

Ang sinaunang ninuno ng mga unggoy ayon sa mga rekord sa fossil , na itinatayang nabuhay bago mahati sa dalawang uri ang mga unggoy. Basal to both Old and New world monkeys. Primitive traits
  • Smaller canines than later monkeys such as Parapithecus
  • Retains some post-cranial characters seen in prosimians

Derived traits

  • Fused mandibular symphysis
  • Scapula similar to modern squirrel monkeys
  • Low rounded molar cusps rather than high cusps as is seen in tarsiers and strepsirrhine
33 Ma

Genus

A Miocene monkey which bridges the gap between the Eocene ancestors of Old world monkeys and Miocene ancestor of Hominoidea. Tentatively positioned transitional form prior to the Old world monkey/ape split. Primitive traits
  • Retained auditory features similar to Old world monkeys
  • Incapable of true brachiation unlike extant apes
  • Reduced capitular tail, but was proportionally smaller than Apidium

Derived traits

  • Ape-like teeth including broad, flat incisors and sexually dimorphic canines
  • A low sagittal keel and strong temporalis muscles
  • Increased size in the visual cortex
27-14 Ma

Genus

This primate exhibits very ape-like features like its teeth, but much of its post-cranial remains are more similar to monkeys. Universally accepted to be intermediate between 'ape-like monkeys' such as Aegyptopithecus and later apes including hominids. Primitive traits
  • Monkey-like wrist
  • Narrow, monkey-like illium

Derived traits

  • Completely lacked a fully formed tail
  • 5-Y pattern on lower molar cusps as also seen in hominoids
13 Ma

Genus:

A European ape which is considered to be the predecessor of the great apes. Some objections have been raised to this fossils status due to its location in Spain, but Pierolapithecus is likely a transitional taxon between generalized apes and the lineage which led to great apes. Pleisomorphic traits
  • Relatively short fingers and walked in a similar quadrupedal fashion like baboons
  • Lacks adaptations for both gibbon-style brachaition as well as derived knuckle-walking like in chimpanzee's and gorilla's

Derived traits

  • Flat, wider rib cage like great apes for tree-climbing
  • The clavicle is large and similar to modern chimps suggesting a dorsally positioned scapula
4.4 Ma

Genus:

Ang isang gubat hominid inangkop sa hayop na may apat na paa nabubuhay sa mga kahoy lokomosyon, ngunit din para sa bipedalism. Intermediate sa pagitan ng huling mga karaniwang ninuno ng chimps at mga kawani na tao, at ang australopithecines. 'Primitive mga ugali'
  • Talino na mas maliit kaysa sa ibang pagkakataon hominids mula sa tungkol sa 300-350 cc
  • Paa thumb ay hindi binawi sa paanan bilang isang 'malaking daliri'
  • Phalanges ay mas mabigat kaysa sa hindi tuwid sa Australopithecus

'Nagmula mga ugali'

  • Nabawasang laki sa canines, gayunpaman mananatili pa rin dimorphic characte
4.4-2.0 Ma

Genus:

Unang kilala genus ng ganap na may dalawang paa apes na kung saan ay marahil minamana sa matatag australopithecus at ang genus homo. Intermediate sa pagitan ng patay may apat na paa at may dalawang paa apes. Habang ang relasyon sa pagitan ng ilang mga species ay nire-revise, Australopithecus afarensis ay itinuturing na, sa pamamagitan ng karamihan ng mga eksperto, ang ninuno sa lahat mamaya hominids. Primitibong hitsura
  • Some species retain a sagittal crest
  • kurbada pa ang phalanges, palatandaan na tumitira sa itaas ng mga puno.
  • Semisectorial premolar is present
  • Prognathic face to varying degrees

Pagbabago

  • Fully bipedal as indicated by many features including the knee joint, hips, lumbar curve in the spine, position of the foramen magnum, and feet
  • lumaki ang sukat ng utak nito ng mga 375-500 cc
  • nag babago din ang hitsura ng panga.
2.3-1.4 Ma

Species:

Ang isang maagang pantao kung saan ay ang morphological link sa pagitan ng [[australopithecines at mamaya pantao species. Perpekto intermediate sa pagitan ng maagang hominids at mamaya mga kawani na tao, marahil ay minamana sa mga modernong tao. Primitibong hitsura
  • Pronounced brow ridge
  • Hindi pa sila nakakatayo ng tuwid tulad sa modernong mga tao, gumagamit parin ng kamay para sa pag lalakad.
  • kahit na bahagyang lummit ang hitsura ng mukha, medyo malaki parin ang mgipin ng mga ito.

Derived traits

  • lumaki din ang sukat ng utak nito ng mga 510-800 cc.
  • hindi pa akma ang hitsura ng mga ito sa modernong mga tao.
  • Maaring nakakapag salita na ang mga ito?
  • Sila ang mga gumagamit ng mga kasangkapang bato.
2.0-1.0 Ma

Species:

Sila ang pinaka matagumpay na lahi na kung saan ang mga Modernong tao at mga neanderthals. Hinihilalang sila din ang mga unang tao na kumalat at nag tayo ng mga grupo ng pamayanan sa Aprika? Sila ang ninuno ng mga Modernong tao at neanderthals. Primitibong Hitsura
  • Still retains a heavy brow ridge and nuchal torus
  • Hindi parin sila nakakapag salita tulad sa modernong mga tao.
  • Makakapal pa ang mga buto, at malalaki pa ang mga ngipin para sa modernong tao.

Pag babago

  • Mas bilog na ang utak nito, (mga 900-1100 cc) kay sa H. habilis
  • Face is orthognathic compared to H. habilis
  • hinihilalang sila din ay nakakapag grupo sa twing silay nagagaso.
  • Hinihilalang ang lahing ito ang aksidenteng naka diskubre ng Apoy at nakakagamit na din sila ng mga kasangkapan.
500 Ka-recent

Species

Homo rhodesiensis ay ang agarang ninuno ng modernong mga tao kung saan talaga displaced ang neanderthal s sa Europa at ng isla mga 'hobbit' ng timog-silangan Asya. H. rhodesiensis umunlad mula sa Homo erectus tungkol sa kalahati ng isang milyong taon na ang nakaraan ngunit pa rin Pinapanatili ang ilang mga primitive na mga katangian tulad ng medyo makapal na buto at molars mas malaki kaysa sa modernong tao. Minamana sa mga modernong tao. Mga Primitibong hitsura
  • Malaki pa ang mga ngipin
  • Heavy brow ridge
  • Extremely robust build in most groups

Pagbabago

  • Rounder, less broad based cranium
  • Malaki na ang utak, Nakakapag isip na katulad sa modernong mga tao.

Mga sanggunian

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
  1. ↑ doi:10.1038/nature01264
    This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand
  2. ↑ Ahlberg, Per Erik (2001). Major events in early vertebrate evolution: palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and development. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-415-23370-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. ↑ Zhu, M.; Zhao, W.; Jia, L.; Lu, J.; Qiao, T.; Qu, Q. (2009). "The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters". Nature. 458: 469–474. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..469Z. doi:10.1038/nature07855.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Ahlberg, P. E.; and Johanson, Z. (1998). "Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods" (PDF). Nature. 395 (6704): 792–794. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..792A. doi:10.1038/27421. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal (PDF) noong 2017-03-29. Nakuha noong 2013-12-02.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 R. Cloutier (1996). "Taxonomic review of Eusthenopteron foordi.". Devonian Fishes and Plants of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München. pp. 487–502.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. ↑ Nature: The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion
  7. ↑ Carroll, R. (1995). "Between fish and amphibians". Nature. 373 (6513): 389–390. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..389C. doi:10.1038/373389a0.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. ↑ Brazeau, M.D.; Ahlberg, P.E. (2006). "Tetrapod-like middle ear architecture in a Devonian fish". Nature. 439 (7074): 318–321. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..318B. doi:10.1038/nature04196. PMID 16421569.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. ↑ John Noble Wilford, The New York Times, Scientists Call Fish Fossil the Missing Link, 5 April 2006.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Shubin, Neil (2008). Your Inner Fish. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42447-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. ↑ "Meet Your ancestor, the Fish that crawled". New Scientist Magazine. Nakuha noong 2007-02-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ahlberg, Per E. (1995). "Elginerpeton pancheni and the earliest tetrapod clade". Nature. 373 (6513): 420–425. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..420A. doi:10.1038/373420a0.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. ↑ Elginerpeton pacheni Naka-arkibo 2013-12-09 sa Wayback Machine. at Devonian Times Naka-arkibo 2010-02-11 sa Wayback Machine.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ahlberg, Per. E.; Jennifer A. Clack, Ervins Luksevics, Henning Blom and Ivars Zupins (26 Hunyo 2008). "Ventastega curonica and the origin of tetrapod morphology". Nature. 453 (7199): 1199–1204. Bibcode:2008Natur.453.1199A. doi:10.1038/nature06991. PMID 18580942.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) article
  15. ↑ Clack, J. (2005-11-21). "Getting a leg up on land". Scientific American. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2006-11-04. Nakuha noong 2013-12-02. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  16. ↑ "Acanthostega gunneri," Devonian Times. Naka-arkibo 2010-01-10 sa Wayback Machine.
  17. ↑ Shubin, Neil (2009). Your Inner Fish: A Journey Into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body. New York: Vintage. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-307-27745-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  18. ↑ Lebedev, O.A. (1984). "The first find of a Devonian tetrapod vertebrate in the USSR". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. Palaeontology (sa wikang Ruso). 278: 1470–1473.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  19. ↑ Gordon, M.S.; Long, J.A. (2004). "The Greatest Step In Vertebrate History: A Paleobiological Review of the Fish-Tetrapod Transition" (PDF). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 77 (5): 700–719.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  20. ↑ Clack, J. A. (2002). "An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'". Nature. 418 (6893): 72–76. doi:10.1038/nature00824. PMID 12097908.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Anderson, J. S.; Reisz, R. R.; Scott, D.; Fröbisch, N. B.; Sumida, S. S. (2008). "A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders". Nature. 453: 515–518. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..515A. doi:10.1038/nature06865. PMID 18497824. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  22. ↑ Estes, R., and O. A. Reig. (1973): The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence. Pp. 11-63 In J. L. Vial (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research on Major Problems. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
  23. ↑ Moss J.L. (1972). "The Morphology and phylogenetic relationship of the Lower Permian tetrapod Tseajaia campi Vaughn (Amphibia: Seymouriamorpha)". University of California Publications in Geological Sciences. 98: 1–72.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  24. ↑ Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S.; Lombard, R.E. (1992). "Reinterpretation of the temporal and occipital regions in Diadectes and the relationship of diadectomorphs". Journal of Paleontology. 66: 481–499.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Gauthier J., Kluge, A.G., & Rowe, T. (1988) The early evolution of the Amniota. In: M. J. Benton (ed.) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: amphibians, reptiles, birds (1): pp 103-155. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  26. ↑ Solenodonsaurus Naka-arkibo 2013-11-08 sa Wayback Machine. on the TOL-web
  27. ↑ R. L. Paton, T. R. Smithson and J. A. Clack, "An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland", (abstract), Nature 398, 508-513 (8 April 1999)
  28. ↑ "Fossilized Snake With Two Legs Found - Science - redOrbit". Nakuha noong 2008-04-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  29. ↑ Blogspot.com
  30. ↑ Wordpress.com
  31. ↑ Nesbitt, S.J.; Sidor, C.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Smith, R.M.H.; and Tsuji, L.M.A. (2010). "Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira". Nature. 464 (7285): 95–98. Bibcode:2010Natur.464...95N. doi:10.1038/nature08718. PMID 20203608.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  32. ↑ Langer, M.C. (2004). Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley, 25-46. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
  33. ↑ Galton, P.M. (2000). "Are Spondylosoma and Staurikosaurus (Santa Maria Formation, Middle-Upper Triassic, Brasil) the oldest saurischian dinosaurs?". Palaontologische Zeitschrift. 74 (3): 393–423.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  34. ↑ R.N. Martinez et al. A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea. Science, Vol. 331, 14 January 2011, p. 206.
  35. ↑ Kaplan M, "Move over Eoraptor", http://www.nature.com/news, 13-1-2011.
  36. ↑ Apaldetti, C; Martinez, RN; Alcober, OA; Pol, D (2011). "A New Basal Sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from Quebrada del Barro Formation (Marayes-El Carrizal Basin), Northwestern Argentina". PLoS ONE. 6 (11): e26964. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  37. ↑ Padian, K. & Chiappe, L.M. (1997): Bird Origins. In: Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs (red. Currie, P.J & Padian, K., Academic Press, San Diego, pp 41–96, ISBN 978-0-12-226810-6
  38. ↑ Chinsamy A., Martin L.D., Dobson P. (1998). "Bone microstructure of the diving Hesperornis and the volant Ichthyornis from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas". Cretaceous Research. 19 (2): 225–235. doi:10.1006/cres.1997.0102.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  39. ↑ "A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (1): 113–120. 2011. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0039. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Re-evaluation of Cutleria wilmarthi, an Early Permian synapsid from Colorado". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (1): 134–138. 1994. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  41. ↑ Romer, A.S.; Price, L.L. (1940). "Review of the Pelycosauria". Special Papers of the Geological Siciety of America. 28: 1–538.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  42. ↑ GA Floridesa, Kalogiroua SA; SA; Wrobelb, L Tassoub (2001). "Natural environment and thermal behavior of Dimetrodon limbatus"". Journal of Thermal Biology. 26 (1): 15–20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  43. ↑ Kenneth D. Angielczyk, Dimetrodon Is Not a Dinosaur: Using Tree Thinking to Understand the Ancient Relatives of Mammals and their Evolution[patay na link] Evolution: Education and Outreach, Volume 2, Number 2, 257-271, doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 White, T. & Kazlev, M. A. (2009): Therapsida: Biarmosuchia: Biarmosuchidae / Eotitanosuchidae, from Palaeos website.
  45. ↑ Ruben, J.A.; Hillenius, W.J., Kemp, T.S. and Quick, D.E. (2011). "The Evolution of Mammalian Endothermy". Forerunners of Mammals. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 272–286. ISBN 0-253-35697-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  46. ↑ Maier, W.; Heever, J., Durand, F. (27 Abril 2009). "New therapsid specimens and the origin of the secondary hard and soft palate of mammals". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 34 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1996.tb00805.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  47. ↑ Czaplewski, Terry A. Vaughan, James M. Ryan, Nicholas J. (2000). Mammalogy (ika-4th ed. (na) edisyon). Fort Worth: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. p. 51. ISBN 003025034X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  48. ↑ "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals". Nature. 476 (7361): 442–445. 25 Agosto 2011. Bibcode:2011Natur.476..442L. doi:10.1038/nature10291. PMID 21866158. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Electronic supplementary material

Mga Kawing Pang labas

[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]
Kinuha sa "https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talaan_ng_mga_fossil_na_transisyonal&oldid=2135079"