Mga papiro at ostracon ng Elefantina

Papyrus narrating the story of the wise chancellor Ahiqar. Aramaic script. 5th century BCE. From Elephantine, Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin

Ang Mga papiro at ostracon ng Elefantina ay binubuo ng mga libo-libong dokumento mula sa mga muog na Ehipsiyo na mula sa Elefantina at Aswan. Ito ay isinulat sa hieratiko at demotikong Ehipsiyo, Aramaiko, Griyegong Koine, Latin at Coptiko. Ito ay naglalaman ng mga liham at kontratang pambatas na mahalagang mapagkukunan ng kaalaman ng mga iskolar ng epistograpiya, relihiyon, batas, wika at onomastika. Ito ay pinetsahan mula ika-5 siglo BCE. Sa relihiyon, ito ay nagbibigay ng napakilawanag na ebidensiya ng politeismo ng mga Hudyo noong mga circa 400 BCE. Ang mga Hudyo sa panahong ito sa Ehipsiyo ay tila walang kaalaman sa isinulat na Torah. Ang mga Hudyong ito ay sumamba kay Yahweh kasama ng mga Diyos na sina– ʿAnat Betel at Asham Bethel . Bukod dito, ang mga Hudyong ito ay may sinasambahang templo sa Ehipto na isang gawaing pinagbabawal sa isinulat sa isinulat na Torah. Ang "Pagsusumamo kay Bagoas" ay isang liham na isinulat noong 407 BCE kay Bagoas na Gobernador ng Persia sa Hudea na humihingi ng tulong na muling itayo ang isang Hudyong templo sa Elefantina na kamakailan lang winasak ng mga anti-Hudyo.

Galerya

• 
  Freedom for Tamut and Yehoishema, June 12, 427 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
• 
  Ananiah Gives Tamut Part of the House, October 30, 434 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
• 
  Ananiah Gives Yehoishema Part of the House, November 26, 404 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
• 
  Ananiah Gives Yehoishema Another Part of the House, March 10, 402 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
• 
  House Sale, December 12, 402 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
• 
  Receipt for a Grain Loan, December 402 BCE, Brooklyn Museum

Bibliography

Primary scholarly sources

• Euting Julius. Notice sur un papyrus égypto-araméen de la Bibliothèque impériale de Strasbourg, Mémoires présentés par divers savants à l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres de l'Institut de France. Première série, Sujets divers d'érudition. Tome 11, 2e partie, 1904. pp. 297-312; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/mesav.1904.1089
• Arthur Ungnad, Aramäische Papyrus aus Elephantine
• Eduard Sachau, 1908, Drei aramäische papyrusurkunden aus Elephantine
• Eduard Sachau, 1911, Aramäische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer jüdischen Militär-Kolonie zu Elephantine
  • Text
  • Plates
• Cowley, Arthur, The Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century, 1923, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
• Sayce and Cowley, Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan, (London, 1906)
• Sprengling, M. “The Aramaic Papyri of Elephantine in English.” The American Journal of Theology, vol. 21, no. 3, 1917, pp. 411–452. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3155527. Accessed 23 May 2021.

Further reading

• Fitzmyer, Joseph A. “Some Notes on Aramaic Epistolography.” Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 93, no. 2, 1974, pp. 201–225. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3263093. Accessed 23 May 2021.
• Toorn, Karel van der (24 Setyembre 2019). Becoming Diaspora Jews: Behind the Story of Elephantine. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24949-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Bresciani, Edda (1998). "ELEPHANTINE". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 4. pp. 360–362.{{cite ensiklopedya}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Emil G. Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri, 1953, Yale University Press.
• Bezalel Porten, with J.J. Farber, C.J. Martin, G. Vittman, editors. 1996. The Elephantine Papyri in English: Three Millennia of Cross-Cultural Continuity and Change, (Brill Academic)
• Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony, 1968. (Berkeley: University of California Press)
• Yochanan Muffs (Prolegomenon by Baruch A. Levine), 2003. Studies in the Aramaic Legal Papyri from Elephantine (Brill Academic)
• A. van Hoonacker, Une Communauté Judéo-Araméenne à Éléphantine, en Égypte aux VIe et Ve siècles av. J.-C., 1915, London, The Schweich Lectures
• Joseph Mélèze-Modrzejewski, The Jews of Egypt, 1995, Jewish Publication Society

Mga Kawing

• The Elephantine papyri in English: Three Millennia of Cross-Cultural Continuity and Change. Bezalel Porten e.a.. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1996. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
• Introduction and text of the 'Passover Papyrus' contained in the Elephantine papyri. (from the Internet Archive because original site was deleted)
• A Passover Letter.
• P.Eleph.: Aegyptische Urkunden aus den königlichen Museen in Berlin
• P.Eleph.Wagner: Elephantine XIII: Les papyrus et les ostraca grecs d'Elephantine
• COJS: The Elephantine Temple, 407 BCE