Hypothalamus: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago

Utak: Hypothalamus
	Lokasyon ng hypothalamus ng tao
	Lokasyon ng hypothalamus, kapag titignan ang pituitaryo at ang buong utak
Latin	hypothalamus
Gray's	subject #189 812
NeuroNames	hier-358
MeSH	Hypothalamus
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_734

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Pagbabago noong 01:38, 28 Marso 2016

Ang hypothalamus (mula sa Griyego ὑπό, "ilalim" at θάλαμος, thalamus) ay isang bahagi ng utak na naglalaman ng mga maliit na nuclei na may ibat-ibang mga gawain. Isa sa pinaka-mahalagang gawain ng hypothalamus ay upang ikonekta ang sistemang nerbiyos sa sistemang endokrina sa pamamagitan ng ang glandulang pitwitaryo (hypophysis).

Ang hypothalamus ay matatagpuan sa ibaba ng thalamus sa itaas ang brainstem at bahagi ng sistemang limbiko.^[1] Sa terminolohiya ng neuroanatomiya, binubuo nito ang bumubuo ang unahang bahagi ng diencephalon. Ang lahat ng utak ng bertebrado ay naglalaman ng isang hypothalamus. Sa tao, ito ay ang laki ng isang pili.

Responsable ang hypothalamus sa ilang mga prosesong metabolismo at iba pang mga gawain ng awtonomikong sistemang nerbiyos. Naggagawa at naglalabas ito ng ilang tiyak na neurohormone, na tinatawag na releasing hormone o hypothalamic hormone, at ang mga ito ay nagbubuhay o nagpipigil sa pagpapakawala ng pitiutaryong hormone. Ang hypothalamus ang nagkokontrol ng temperatura ng katawan, gutom, mahalagang aspeto ng pagiging magulang at mga pagkasama ng pag-uugali, uhaw,^[2] pagkapagod, pagtulog, at ritmong sirkadiyan.

Estruktura

hypothalamus ng Tao (ipinapakita ng pula)

Isang estruktura ng utak ang hypothalamus na binubuo ng mga natatanging nuclei pati na rin ang ilang mabababang lugar sa anatomiya. Natatagpuan ito sa lahat ng sistemang nerbiyos ng bertebrado. Sa mga mamalya, naglalabas ang magnocellular neurosecretory cell sa paraventricular nucleus at ang supraoptic nucleus ng hypothalamus ng neurohypophysial hormone, oxytocin at vasopressin. Inilalabas ang mga hormones sa dugo sa posterior pituitary.^[3] Naglalabas naman ang ilang maliliit na parvocellular neurosecretory cell, mga neurons ng paraventricular nucleus, ng corticotropin-releasing hormone at iba pang mga hormones sa portadang sistema ng hypophyseal, na kung saan ang mga hormones ay humahalo sa anterior pituitary.

Nuclei

Kasama sa nuclei ng hypothalamic nuclei ang mga sumusunod:^[4]^[5]^[6]

Rehiyon	Lugar	Nucleus	Gawain^[7]
Anterior	Preoptic	Preoptic nucleus
	Medial	Medial preoptic nucleus	Nireregula ang pagpapalabas ng gonadotropic hormone mula sa adenohypophysis Naglalaman ng sexually dimorphic nucleus, na kung saan naglalabas ng GnRH, ang pagbabagong pagunlad sa pagitan ng kasarian ay nakabatay sa level ng testosterone in utero
		Supraoptic nucleus	Vasopressin release Oxytocin release
		Paraventricular nucleus	thyrotropin-releasing hormone release corticotropin-releasing hormone release oxytocin release vasopressin release somatostatin release
		Anterior hypothalamic nucleus	thermoregulasiyon panting sweating thyrotropin inhibition
		Suprachiasmatic nucleus	Ritmong sirkadiyan
	Lateral
	Lateral	Lateral nucleus	Tignan ang Function – pangunahing pinagkukuhanan ng orexin neurons sa buong utak at spinal cord
Tuberal	Medial	Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus	Blood Pressure Heart Rate GI stimulation
		Ventromedial nucleus	satiety neuroendocrine control
		Arcuate nucleus	Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) pagkain Dopamine-mediated prolactin inhibition
	Lateral	Lateral nucleus	Tignan ang Function – pangunahing pinagkukuhanan ng orexin neurons sa buong utak at spinal cord
	Lateral	Lateral tuberal nuclei
Posterior	Medial	Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies)	Alaala
	Medial	Posterior nucleus	Increase blood pressure Dilasyong balintataw shivering pagpapalabas ng vasopressin
	Lateral	Lateral nucleus	Tignan ang Function – pangunahing pinagkukuhanan ng orexin neurons sa buong utak at spinal cord
	Lateral	Tuberomammillary nucleus^[8]	arousal (wakefulness and attention) feeding and energy balance learning memory sleep

A cross section of the monkey hypothalamus displays 2 of the major hypothalamic nuclei on either side of the fluid-filled 3rd ventricle.
Hypothalamic nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei on one side of the hypothalamus, shown in a 3-D computer reconstruction[1]

Talababa

↑ Limbic system
↑ Definition of hypothalamus - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
↑ Melmed, S; Polonsky, KS; Larsen, PR; Kronenberg, HM (2011). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (12th pat.). Saunders. p. 107. ISBN 978-1437703245.
↑ Diagram of Nuclei (psycheducation.org)
↑ Diagram of Nuclei (universe-review.ca)
↑ Diagram of Nuclei (utdallas.edu)
↑ Unless else specified in table, then ref is: Guyton Twelfth Edition
↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (pat.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd pat.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 175–176. ISBN 9780071481274. Within the brain, histamine is synthesized exclusively by neurons with their cell bodies in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) that lies within the posterior hypothalamus. There are approximately 64000 histaminergic neurons per side in humans. These cells project throughout the brain and spinal cord. Areas that receive especially dense projections include the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hypothalamus. ... While the best characterized function of the histamine system in the brain is regulation of sleep and arousal, histamine is also involved in learning and memory ... It also appears that histamine is involved in the regulation of feeding and energy balance.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)

Malayuang pagbabasa

de Vries, GJ, and Sodersten P (2009) Sex differences in the brain: the relation between structure and function. Hormones and Behavior 55:589-596.

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "Hypothalamus" at the BrainMaps projectBrainMaps project
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary at endotexts.org
NIF Search - Hypothalamus gamit ang Neuroscience Information Framework
Space-filling and cross-sectional diagrams of hypothalamic nuclei: right hypothalamus, anterior, tubular, posterior.

[1] Limbic system

[2] Definition of hypothalamus - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

[williams-3] Melmed, S; Polonsky, KS; Larsen, PR; Kronenberg, HM (2011). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (12th pat.). Saunders. p. 107. ISBN 978-1437703245.

[4] Diagram of Nuclei (psycheducation.org)

[5] Diagram of Nuclei (universe-review.ca)

[6] Diagram of Nuclei (utdallas.edu)

[7] Unless else specified in table, then ref is: Guyton Twelfth Edition

[Histamine_pathways-8] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (pat.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd pat.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 175–176. ISBN 9780071481274. Within the brain, histamine is synthesized exclusively by neurons with their cell bodies in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) that lies within the posterior hypothalamus. There are approximately 64000 histaminergic neurons per side in humans. These cells project throughout the brain and spinal cord. Areas that receive especially dense projections include the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hypothalamus. ... While the best characterized function of the histamine system in the brain is regulation of sleep and arousal, histamine is also involved in learning and memory ... It also appears that histamine is involved in the regulation of feeding and energy balance.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Linya 1: / Linya 1: @@
+{{Infobox Brain
+| Name            = Hypothalamus
+| Latin           = hypothalamus
+| GraySubject     = 189
+| GrayPage        = 812
+| Image           = LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg
+| Caption         = Lokasyon ng hypothalamus ng tao
+| Image2          = 1806 The Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex.jpg
+| Caption2        = Lokasyon ng hypothalamus, kapag titignan ang pituitaryo at ang buong utak
+| IsPartOf        =
+| Components      =
+| Artery          =
+| Vein            =
+| BrainInfoType   = hier
+| BrainInfoNumber = 358
+| MeshName        = Hypothalamus
+| MeshNumber      = A08.186.211.730.385.357
+| NeuroLex        = Hypothalamus
+| NeuroLexID      = birnlex_734
+}}
 Ang '''hypothalamus''' (mula sa [[Wikang Sinaunang Griyego|Griyego]] ὑπό, "ilalim" at θάλαμος, thalamus) ay isang bahagi ng [[utak]] na naglalaman ng mga maliit na nuclei na may ibat-iban<font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">g</font> mga gawain. Isa sa pinaka-mahalagang gawain ng hypothalamus ay upang ikonekta ang sistemang nerbiyos sa [[sistemang endokrina]] sa pamamagitan ng ang [[glandulang pitwitaryo]] (hypophysis).
@@ Linya 14: / Linya 35: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
-|'''Region'''
+|'''Rehiyon'''
-|'''Area'''
+|'''Lugar'''
 |'''Nucleus'''
-|'''Function'''<ref>Unless else specified in table, then ref is: Guyton Twelfth Edition</ref>
+|'''Gawain'''<ref>Unless else specified in table, then ref is: Guyton Twelfth Edition</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="8" |Anterior
@@ Linya 26: / Linya 47: @@
 | Medial preoptic nucleus
 |
-* Regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones from the adenohypophysis
+* Nireregula ang pagpapalabas ng gonadotropic hormone mula sa adenohypophysis
-* Contains the sexually dimorphic nucleus, which releases GnRH, differential development between sexes is based upon in utero testosterone levels
+* Naglalaman ng sexually dimorphic nucleus, na kung saan naglalabas ng GnRH, ang pagbabagong pagunlad sa pagitan ng kasarian ay nakabatay sa level ng testosterone in utero
 |-
 | Supraoptic nucleus
@@ Linya 46: / Linya 67: @@
 | Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
 |
+* thermoregulasiyon
-* thermoregulation
 * panting
 * [[Pawis|sweating]]
@@ Linya 54: / Linya 75: @@
 |
+* Ritmong sirkadiyan
-* Circadian rhythms
 |-
 | rowspan="2" |Lateral
 |-
 | Lateral nucleus
-| See Lateral hypothalamus#Function – primary source of orexin neurons throughout the brain and spinal cord
+| Tignan ang [[Lateral hypothalamus|Function]] – pangunahing pinagkukuhanan ng orexin neurons sa buong utak at spinal cord
 |-
 | rowspan="5" |Tuberal
@@ Linya 77: / Linya 98: @@
 |
 * Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
-* [[Pagkain (gawain)|feeding]]
+* [[Pagkain (gawain)|pagkain]]
 * [[Dopamino|Dopamine]]-mediated prolactin inhibition
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | Lateral
 | Lateral nucleus
-| See Lateral hypothalamus#Function – primary source of orexin neurons throughout the brain and spinal cord
+| Tignan ang [[Lateral hypothalamus|Function]] – pangunahing pinagkukuhanan ng orexin neurons sa buong utak at spinal cord
 |-
 | Lateral tuberal nuclei
@@ Linya 90: / Linya 111: @@
 |Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies)
 |
-* [[Alaala|memory]]
+* [[Alaala]]
 |-
 | Posterior nucleus
 |
 * Increase blood pressure
+* Dilasyong [[balintataw]]
-* [[Balintataw|pupillary]] dilation
 * shivering
+* pagpapalabas ng vasopressin
-* vasopressin release
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | Lateral
 | Lateral nucleus
-| See Lateral hypothalamus#Function – primary source of orexin neurons throughout the brain and spinal cord
+| Tignan ang [[Lateral hypothalamus|Function]] – pangunahing pinagkukuhanan ng orexin neurons sa buong utak at spinal cord
 |-
 | Tuberomammillary nucleus<ref name="Histamine pathways">{{Padron:Cite book|author=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE|editor=Sydor A, Brown RY|title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience|year=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=9780071481274|pages=175–176|edition=2nd|chapter=Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin|quote=Within the brain, histamine is synthesized exclusively by neurons with their cell bodies in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) that lies within the posterior hypothalamus. There are approximately 64000 histaminergic neurons per side in humans. These cells project throughout the brain and spinal cord. Areas that receive especially dense projections include the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hypothalamus. &nbsp;... While the best characterized function of the histamine system in the brain is regulation of sleep and arousal, histamine is also involved in learning and memory&nbsp;... It also appears that histamine is involved in the regulation of feeding and energy balance.}}</ref>