Marijuana: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago

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{{Infobox botanical product
Ang ''cannabidiol'' na nasa marijuana ay mayroong epektong ''pleiotropic'' na nangangahulugang ang epekto nito ay maaring iba-iba at {{Infobox botanical product
|product =Cannabis
|product =Cannabis
|image = [[File:Cannabis Plant.jpg|180px]]
|image = [[File:Cannabis Plant.jpg|180px]]
Linya 22: Linya 22:
==Epekto==
==Epekto==


Ang ''cannabidiol'' na nasa marijuana ay mayroong epektong ''pleiotropic'' na nangangahulugang ang epekto nito ay maaring iba-iba sa bawat isang tao. <ref>''"[https://cbd-oil360.co.uk/cbd-oil-effects/ CBD Oil Effects in Humans.]" CBD Oil 360.'' Hinango noong 23 Enero 2019.</ref>Ang mga kanais nais na epekto nito ay relaksasyon at katamtamang euphoria (pakiramdam na "high"). Ang mga hindi kanais nais na epekto nito ang nabawasang panandaliang memorya, tuyong bibig, huminang kakayahan ng paggalaw, pamumula ng mga mata.
Ang ''cannabidiol,'' isa sa 104 na iba't-ibang kemikal na nasa marijuana, ay mayroong epektong ''pleiotropic'' na nangangahulugang ang epekto nito ay maaring iba-iba sa bawat isang tao<ref>''"[https://cannafinest.com/cbd-oil-can-help-you-live-a-healthier-life/ What is CBD?]" Canna Finest.'' Hinango noong 29 Abril 2019.</ref>. <ref>''"[https://cbd-oil360.co.uk/cbd-oil-effects/ CBD Oil Effects in Humans.]" CBD Oil 360.'' Hinango noong 23 Enero 2019.</ref> Ang mga kanais nais na epekto nito ay relaksasyon at katamtamang ''euphoria'' (pakiramdam na "high"). Ang mga hindi kanais nais na epekto nito ang nabawasang panandaliang memorya, tuyong bibig, huminang kakayahan ng paggalaw, pamumula ng mga mata.


Kabilang din sa mga epekto ang pagbilis nang tibok ng puso, mataas na gana sa pagkain, at pagbaba nang presyon ng dugo.
Kabilang din sa mga epekto ang pagbilis nang tibok ng puso, mataas na gana sa pagkain, at pagbaba nang presyon ng dugo.
Linya 46: Linya 46:
[[Major depressive disorder|depression]],<ref name="depression">{{Cite journal|author=Bambico FR, Katz N, Debonnel G, Gobbi G |title=Cannabinoids elicit antidepressant-like behavior and activate serotonergic neurons through the medial prefrontal cortex |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=43 |pages=11700–11 |year=2007 |pmid=17959812 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1636-07.2007 |laysummary=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,304996,00.html |laysource=[[Fox News Channel]] |laydate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Denson TF, Earleywine M |title=Decreased depression in marijuana users |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=738–42 |year=2006 |pmid=15964704 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.052 |url=http://www.doctordeluca.com/Library/WOD/WPS3-MedMj/DecreasedDepressionInMjUsers05.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Zhang_etal">{{Cite journal|author=Jiang W |title=Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=3104–16 |year=2005 |pmid=16224541 |pmc=1253627 |doi=10.1172/JCI25509 |author2=Zhang Y |author3=Xiao L |last4=Van Cleemput |first4=J |last5=Ji |first5=SP |last6=Bai |first6=G |last7=Zhang |first7=X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=El-Remessy AB, Al-Shabrawey M, Khalifa Y, Tsai NT, Caldwell RB, Liou GI |title=Neuroprotective and Blood-Retinal Barrier-Preserving Effects of Cannabidiol in Experimental Diabetes |journal=The American Journal of Pathology |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=235–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16400026 |pmc=1592672 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2006.050500}}</ref> [[dystonia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fox SH, Kellett M, Moore AP, Crossman AR, Brotchie JM |title=Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the potential of cannabinoid receptor stimulation in the treatment of dystonia |journal=Movement Disorders |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=145–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11835452 |doi=10.1002/mds.1280}}</ref> [[epilepsy]],<ref name="ep">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8440303/Cannabis-could-be-used-to-treat-epilepsy.html |title=Cannabis could be used to treat epilepsy |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 April 2011 |accessdate=2011-04-20 |first=Richard |last=Gray}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marsicano G |title=CB1 cannabinoid receptors and on-demand defense against excitotoxicity |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5642 |pages=84–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14526074 |doi=10.1126/science.1088208 |last12=Casanova |first12=E |last13=Schütz |first13=G |first14=W |first15=V |first16=C |first17=B|author2=Goodenough S|author3=Monory K |last4=Zieglgänsberger |last5=Di Marzo |last6=Behl |last7=Lutz|first4=H|first5=M|first6=A|first7=SC|last8=Cascio|first8=MG|last9=Gutiérrez|first9=SO |bibcode = 2003Sci...302...84M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bacci A, Huguenard JR, Prince DA |title=Long-lasting self-inhibition of neocortical interneurons mediated by endocannabinoids |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=312–6 |year=2004 |pmid=15372034 |doi=10.1038/nature02913 |laysummary=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/09/040916102315.htm |laysource=[[Science Daily]] |laydate=16 September 2004|bibcode = 2004Natur.431..312B }}</ref> [[digestive disease]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Di Carlo G, Izzo AA |title=Cannabinoids for gastrointestinal diseases: potential therapeutic applications |journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=39–49 |year=2003 |pmid=12517253 |doi=10.1517/13543784.12.1.39}}</ref> [[glioma]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lorente M |title=Amphiregulin is a factor for resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid-induced apoptosis |journal=Glia |volume= 57|issue= 13|pages=1374–85 |year=2009 |pmid=19229996 |doi=10.1002/glia.20856|author2=Carracedo A|author3=Torres S|last4=Natali|first4=Francesco|last5=Egia|first5=Ainara|last6=Hernández-Tiedra|first6=Sonia|last7=Salazar|first7=María|last8=Blázquez|first8=Cristina|last9=Guzmán|first9=Manuel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramer R, Hinz B |title=Inhibition of cancer cell invasion by cannabinoids via increased expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=59–69 |year=2008 |pmid=18159069 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djm268}}</ref> [[hepatitis C]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sylvestre DL, Clements BJ, Malibu Y |title=Cannabis use improves retention and virological outcomes in patients treated for hepatitis C |journal=European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1057–63 |year=2006 |pmid=16957511 |doi=10.1097/01.meg.0000216934.22114.51}}</ref> [[Huntington's disease]],<ref>{{cite pmid|19228180}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|20590577}}</ref> [[leukemia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Powles T |title=Cannabis-induced cytotoxicity in leukemic cell lines: the role of the cannabinoid receptors and the MAPK pathway |journal=Blood |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=1214–21 |year=2005 |pmid=15454482 |doi=10.1182/blood-2004-03-1182 |author2=te Poele R|author3=Shamash J|last4=Chaplin|first4=T|last5=Propper|first5=D|last6=Joel|first6=S|last7=Oliver|first7=T|last8=Liu|first8=WM}}</ref> [[tumor|skin tumors]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Casanova ML |title=Inhibition of skin tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo by activation of cannabinoid receptors |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=43–50 |year=2003 |pmid=12511587 |pmc=151833 |doi=10.1172/JCI16116 |author2=Blázquez C|author3=Martínez-Palacio J|last4=Villanueva|first4=Concepción|last5=Fernández-Aceñero|first5=M. Jesús|last6=Huffman|first6=John W.|last7=Jorcano|first7=José L.|last8=Guzmán|first8=Manuel}}</ref> [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] (MRSA),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Appendino G, Gibbons S, Giana A, Pagani A, Grassi G, Stavri M, Smith E, Rahman MM |title=Antibacterial Cannabinoids from ''Cannabis sativa'': A Structure—Activity Study |journal=J Nat Prod |volume=71 |issue=8 |pages=1427–30 |year=2008|pmid=18681481 |doi=10.1021/np8002673 |laysummary=http://www.webmd.com/news/20080904/marijuana-chemicals-may-fight-mrsa |laysource=[[WebMD]] |laydate=4 September 2008 |accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> [[Parkinson's disease]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC |title=Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7128 |pages=643–7 |year=2005 |pmid=17287809 |doi=10.1038/nature05506 |laysummary=http://med.stanford.edu/news_releases/2007/february/malenka.html |laysource=[[Stanford University School of Medicine]] |laydate=7 February 2007}}</ref> [[Itch|pruritus]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Szepietowski JC, Szepietowski T, Reich A |title=Efficacy and tolerance of the cream containing structured physiological lipids with endocannabinoids in the treatment of uremic pruritus: a preliminary study |journal=Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |year=2005 |pmid=16324422}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bergasa NV |title=The pruritus of cholestasis |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1078–88 |year=2005 |pmid=16253381 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2005.09.004}}</ref> [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ganon-Elazar E, Akirav I|title=Cannabinoid receptor activation in the basolateral amygdala blocks the effects of stress on the conditioning and extinction of inhibitory avoidance|journal=J. Neurosci|volume=29|issue=36|pages=11078–88|pmid=19741114 |year=2009|laysummary=http://psychcentral.com/news/2009/11/05/medical-marijuana-for-ptsd/9359.html|laysource=PsychCentral|laydate=5 November 2009|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1223-09.2009}}</ref> [[psoriasis]],<ref>{{cite pmid|17157480}}</ref> [[sickle-cell disease]],<ref>{{cite pmid|16173972}}</ref> [[sleep apnea]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carley DW, Paviovic S, Janelidze M, Radulovacki M |title=Functional role for cannabinoids in respiratory stability during sleep |journal=Sleep |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=391–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12071539 |url=http://www.scholaruniverse.com/ncbi-linkout?id=12071539 }}</ref> at [[anorexia nervosa]].<ref>Grotenhermen, Russo (2002) "Review of Therapeutic Effects." Chapter 11, p. 128 in ''Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential'', Routledge, ISBN 0789015080.</ref>
[[Major depressive disorder|depression]],<ref name="depression">{{Cite journal|author=Bambico FR, Katz N, Debonnel G, Gobbi G |title=Cannabinoids elicit antidepressant-like behavior and activate serotonergic neurons through the medial prefrontal cortex |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=43 |pages=11700–11 |year=2007 |pmid=17959812 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1636-07.2007 |laysummary=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,304996,00.html |laysource=[[Fox News Channel]] |laydate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Denson TF, Earleywine M |title=Decreased depression in marijuana users |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=738–42 |year=2006 |pmid=15964704 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.052 |url=http://www.doctordeluca.com/Library/WOD/WPS3-MedMj/DecreasedDepressionInMjUsers05.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Zhang_etal">{{Cite journal|author=Jiang W |title=Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=3104–16 |year=2005 |pmid=16224541 |pmc=1253627 |doi=10.1172/JCI25509 |author2=Zhang Y |author3=Xiao L |last4=Van Cleemput |first4=J |last5=Ji |first5=SP |last6=Bai |first6=G |last7=Zhang |first7=X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=El-Remessy AB, Al-Shabrawey M, Khalifa Y, Tsai NT, Caldwell RB, Liou GI |title=Neuroprotective and Blood-Retinal Barrier-Preserving Effects of Cannabidiol in Experimental Diabetes |journal=The American Journal of Pathology |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=235–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16400026 |pmc=1592672 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2006.050500}}</ref> [[dystonia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fox SH, Kellett M, Moore AP, Crossman AR, Brotchie JM |title=Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the potential of cannabinoid receptor stimulation in the treatment of dystonia |journal=Movement Disorders |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=145–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11835452 |doi=10.1002/mds.1280}}</ref> [[epilepsy]],<ref name="ep">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8440303/Cannabis-could-be-used-to-treat-epilepsy.html |title=Cannabis could be used to treat epilepsy |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 April 2011 |accessdate=2011-04-20 |first=Richard |last=Gray}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marsicano G |title=CB1 cannabinoid receptors and on-demand defense against excitotoxicity |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5642 |pages=84–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14526074 |doi=10.1126/science.1088208 |last12=Casanova |first12=E |last13=Schütz |first13=G |first14=W |first15=V |first16=C |first17=B|author2=Goodenough S|author3=Monory K |last4=Zieglgänsberger |last5=Di Marzo |last6=Behl |last7=Lutz|first4=H|first5=M|first6=A|first7=SC|last8=Cascio|first8=MG|last9=Gutiérrez|first9=SO |bibcode = 2003Sci...302...84M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bacci A, Huguenard JR, Prince DA |title=Long-lasting self-inhibition of neocortical interneurons mediated by endocannabinoids |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=312–6 |year=2004 |pmid=15372034 |doi=10.1038/nature02913 |laysummary=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/09/040916102315.htm |laysource=[[Science Daily]] |laydate=16 September 2004|bibcode = 2004Natur.431..312B }}</ref> [[digestive disease]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Di Carlo G, Izzo AA |title=Cannabinoids for gastrointestinal diseases: potential therapeutic applications |journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=39–49 |year=2003 |pmid=12517253 |doi=10.1517/13543784.12.1.39}}</ref> [[glioma]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lorente M |title=Amphiregulin is a factor for resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid-induced apoptosis |journal=Glia |volume= 57|issue= 13|pages=1374–85 |year=2009 |pmid=19229996 |doi=10.1002/glia.20856|author2=Carracedo A|author3=Torres S|last4=Natali|first4=Francesco|last5=Egia|first5=Ainara|last6=Hernández-Tiedra|first6=Sonia|last7=Salazar|first7=María|last8=Blázquez|first8=Cristina|last9=Guzmán|first9=Manuel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramer R, Hinz B |title=Inhibition of cancer cell invasion by cannabinoids via increased expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=59–69 |year=2008 |pmid=18159069 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djm268}}</ref> [[hepatitis C]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sylvestre DL, Clements BJ, Malibu Y |title=Cannabis use improves retention and virological outcomes in patients treated for hepatitis C |journal=European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1057–63 |year=2006 |pmid=16957511 |doi=10.1097/01.meg.0000216934.22114.51}}</ref> [[Huntington's disease]],<ref>{{cite pmid|19228180}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|20590577}}</ref> [[leukemia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Powles T |title=Cannabis-induced cytotoxicity in leukemic cell lines: the role of the cannabinoid receptors and the MAPK pathway |journal=Blood |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=1214–21 |year=2005 |pmid=15454482 |doi=10.1182/blood-2004-03-1182 |author2=te Poele R|author3=Shamash J|last4=Chaplin|first4=T|last5=Propper|first5=D|last6=Joel|first6=S|last7=Oliver|first7=T|last8=Liu|first8=WM}}</ref> [[tumor|skin tumors]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Casanova ML |title=Inhibition of skin tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo by activation of cannabinoid receptors |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=43–50 |year=2003 |pmid=12511587 |pmc=151833 |doi=10.1172/JCI16116 |author2=Blázquez C|author3=Martínez-Palacio J|last4=Villanueva|first4=Concepción|last5=Fernández-Aceñero|first5=M. Jesús|last6=Huffman|first6=John W.|last7=Jorcano|first7=José L.|last8=Guzmán|first8=Manuel}}</ref> [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] (MRSA),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Appendino G, Gibbons S, Giana A, Pagani A, Grassi G, Stavri M, Smith E, Rahman MM |title=Antibacterial Cannabinoids from ''Cannabis sativa'': A Structure—Activity Study |journal=J Nat Prod |volume=71 |issue=8 |pages=1427–30 |year=2008|pmid=18681481 |doi=10.1021/np8002673 |laysummary=http://www.webmd.com/news/20080904/marijuana-chemicals-may-fight-mrsa |laysource=[[WebMD]] |laydate=4 September 2008 |accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> [[Parkinson's disease]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC |title=Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7128 |pages=643–7 |year=2005 |pmid=17287809 |doi=10.1038/nature05506 |laysummary=http://med.stanford.edu/news_releases/2007/february/malenka.html |laysource=[[Stanford University School of Medicine]] |laydate=7 February 2007}}</ref> [[Itch|pruritus]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Szepietowski JC, Szepietowski T, Reich A |title=Efficacy and tolerance of the cream containing structured physiological lipids with endocannabinoids in the treatment of uremic pruritus: a preliminary study |journal=Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |year=2005 |pmid=16324422}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bergasa NV |title=The pruritus of cholestasis |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1078–88 |year=2005 |pmid=16253381 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2005.09.004}}</ref> [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ganon-Elazar E, Akirav I|title=Cannabinoid receptor activation in the basolateral amygdala blocks the effects of stress on the conditioning and extinction of inhibitory avoidance|journal=J. Neurosci|volume=29|issue=36|pages=11078–88|pmid=19741114 |year=2009|laysummary=http://psychcentral.com/news/2009/11/05/medical-marijuana-for-ptsd/9359.html|laysource=PsychCentral|laydate=5 November 2009|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1223-09.2009}}</ref> [[psoriasis]],<ref>{{cite pmid|17157480}}</ref> [[sickle-cell disease]],<ref>{{cite pmid|16173972}}</ref> [[sleep apnea]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carley DW, Paviovic S, Janelidze M, Radulovacki M |title=Functional role for cannabinoids in respiratory stability during sleep |journal=Sleep |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=391–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12071539 |url=http://www.scholaruniverse.com/ncbi-linkout?id=12071539 }}</ref> at [[anorexia nervosa]].<ref>Grotenhermen, Russo (2002) "Review of Therapeutic Effects." Chapter 11, p. 128 in ''Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential'', Routledge, ISBN 0789015080.</ref>
===Epekto sa kanser===
===Epekto sa kanser===
Natagpuan ng isang pag-aaral ng [[Universidad Complutense de Madrid]] na ang mga kimikal sa marijuana ay nagsanhi ng kamatayan ng mga selulang [[kanser ng utak]] ng tao. Sa mga selulang kanser ng utak ng tao na nilagay sa mga daga na ginamot ng kemikal ng marijuana, ang tumor ay lumiit. Natagpuan ng pag-aaral nila na ang THC ay nag-alis ng mga selulang kanser nang walang masamang epekto sa mga malulusog na selula. <ref name=pmid19425170>{{Cite journal|author=Salazar M |title=Cannabinoid action induces autophagy-mediated cell death through stimulation of ER stress in human glioma cells |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=1359–72 |year=2009|pmid=19425170 |pmc=2673842 |doi=10.1172/JCI37948 |laysummary=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/cancer/articles/2009/04/01/active-ingredient-in-marijuana-kills-brain-cancer |laysource=[[HealthDay]] |laydate=1 April 2009 |last12=Fimia |first12=GM |last13=Piacentini |first13=M |first14=F |first15=PP |first16=L |first17=JL |first18=M |first19=P |last20=Velasco |first20=G|author2=Carracedo A|author3=Salanueva IJ |last4=Cecconi |last5=Pandolfi |last6=González-Feria |last7=Iovanna |last8=Guzmán |last9=Boya |first4=Sonia |first5=Mar |first6=Ainara |first7=Patricia |first8=Cristina |first9=Sofía}}</ref>
Natagpuan ng isang pag-aaral ng [[Universidad Complutense de Madrid]] na ang mga kemikal sa marijuana ay nagsanhi ng kamatayan ng mga selulang [[kanser ng utak]] ng tao. Sa mga selulang kanser ng utak ng tao na nilagay sa mga daga na ginamot ng kemikal ng marijuana, ang tumor ay lumiit. Natagpuan ng pag-aaral nila na ang THC ay nag-alis ng mga selulang kanser nang walang masamang epekto sa mga malulusog na selula. <ref name=pmid19425170>{{Cite journal|author=Salazar M |title=Cannabinoid action induces autophagy-mediated cell death through stimulation of ER stress in human glioma cells |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=1359–72 |year=2009|pmid=19425170 |pmc=2673842 |doi=10.1172/JCI37948 |laysummary=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/cancer/articles/2009/04/01/active-ingredient-in-marijuana-kills-brain-cancer |laysource=[[HealthDay]] |laydate=1 April 2009 |last12=Fimia |first12=GM |last13=Piacentini |first13=M |first14=F |first15=PP |first16=L |first17=JL |first18=M |first19=P |last20=Velasco |first20=G|author2=Carracedo A|author3=Salanueva IJ |last4=Cecconi |last5=Pandolfi |last6=González-Feria |last7=Iovanna |last8=Guzmán |last9=Boya |first4=Sonia |first5=Mar |first6=Ainara |first7=Patricia |first8=Cristina |first9=Sofía}}</ref>


Ayon sa pag-aaral ng [[California Pacific Medical Center]] Research Institute noong 2007 at 2010, ang [[cannabidiol]] ay nagpahinto sa [[kanser sa suso]] na kumalat na sa buong katawan sa pamamagitan ng ''downregulation'' ng isang ''gene'' na tinatawag na [[ID1]].<ref name=pmid18025276>{{Cite journal|author=McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, Garcia A, Desprez PY |title=Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells |journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=2921–7 |year=2007 |pmid=18025276 |doi=10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0371 |laysummary=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7098340.stm |laysource=[[BBC News]] |laydate=19 November 2007}}</ref>
Ayon sa pag-aaral ng [[California Pacific Medical Center]] Research Institute noong 2007 at 2010, ang [[cannabidiol]] ay nagpahinto sa [[kanser sa suso]] na kumalat na sa buong katawan sa pamamagitan ng ''downregulation'' ng isang ''gene'' na tinatawag na [[ID1]].<ref name=pmid18025276>{{Cite journal|author=McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, Garcia A, Desprez PY |title=Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells |journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=2921–7 |year=2007 |pmid=18025276 |doi=10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0371 |laysummary=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7098340.stm |laysource=[[BBC News]] |laydate=19 November 2007}}</ref>

Pagbabago noong 07:35, 29 Abril 2019

Marijuana
Namumulaklak na halamang Cannabis
BotanicalCannabis
Mga pinagmulang halamanCannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, Cannabis ruderalis
Part(s) of plantbulaklak
Pinagmulang heograpikoSentral Asya at Timog Asya.[1]
Mga aktibong sangkapTetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol, Cannabinol, Tetrahydrocannabivarin
Mga pangunahing prodyuserAfghanistan, Burma, Canada, China, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Laos, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, Paraguay,[2] Thailand, Turkey, United States
Mga pangunahing konsumerBuong mundo

Ang marijuana o sa Ingles ay cannabis ay isang preparasyon ng halamang cannabis na ginagamit bilang sikoaktibo at gamot o medisina. Ang pangunahing sikoaktibong sangkap na kompuwesto nito ang tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) na isa sa 483 alam na kompuwesto ng halamang ito. [3] May iba pang mga 84 cannabinoid dito gaya ng cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)[4][5] at cannabigerol (CBG).

Ang marijuana ay kadalasang kinokonsumo dahil sa mga epektong sikoaktibo at pisiolohikal nito na kinabibilangan ng tumaas na mood o pakiramdam o euphoria, relaksasyon [6] at tumaas na gana [7]

Ang marijuana ay ginagamit bilang drogang panlibangan o medisina gayundin bilang bahagi ng mga ritong pang-relihiyon. Ang pinakamaagang paggamit nito ay mula ika-3 milenyo BCE. [8] Simula ika-20 siglo, ang pagmamay-ari ng marijuana ay ipinagbabawal o ilegal sa maraming mga bansa sa buong mundo. [9][10] Noong 2004, ang paggamit ng marijuana sa buong mundo ay tinatayang 4% ng populasyon ng mundo o mga 162 milyong katao at ang tinatayang 0.6% (22.5 milyong katao) ay gumagamit nito sa araw-araw.[11]

Mekanismo

Ang mekanismo ng marijuana sa tao ay naunawaan lamang bago matapos ang ika-20 siglo. Ang THC ng marijuana ay umaasal sa dalawang uri ng mga cannabinoid receptor sa tao na CB1 receptor at CB2 receptor na parehong G-Protein coupled receptor. Ang CB1 receptor ay matatagpuan sa utak at sa ilang mga peripheral tissue at ang CB2 receptor ay matatagpuan sa mga peripheral tissue gayundin sa mga selulang neuroglial. Ang mga cannabinoid receptor ay pinapagana ng mga cannabinoid na maaaring nalilikha mula sa loob ng katawan ng tao (endocannabinoid) o ipinakilala sa katawan ng tao gaya ng pagkonsumo ng marijuana o ibang mga sintetiko nito.

Epekto

Ang cannabidiol, isa sa 104 na iba't-ibang kemikal na nasa marijuana, ay mayroong epektong pleiotropic na nangangahulugang ang epekto nito ay maaring iba-iba sa bawat isang tao[12]. [13] Ang mga kanais nais na epekto nito ay relaksasyon at katamtamang euphoria (pakiramdam na "high"). Ang mga hindi kanais nais na epekto nito ang nabawasang panandaliang memorya, tuyong bibig, huminang kakayahan ng paggalaw, pamumula ng mga mata.

Kabilang din sa mga epekto ang pagbilis nang tibok ng puso, mataas na gana sa pagkain, at pagbaba nang presyon ng dugo.

Pagiging adiktibo

Ayon kay Dr. Jack E. Henningfield ng National Institute on Drug Abuse (2010), sa mga nirangguhang anim na sustansiya sa kanilang pagiging adiktibo (marijuana, caffeine, cocaine, alak, heroin at nicotine), ang marijuana ang pinaka-hindi adiktibo, ang caffeine ang ikalawang pinaka-hindi adiktibo at ang nicotine ang pinaka-adiktibo. [14]

Paggamit medikal

Medikal na marijuana

Ang marijuana ay ginawang legal sa 18 estado ng Estados Unidos at Distrito ng Columbia para sa gamit-medikal. Kabilang sa medikal na paggamit ng marijuana ang pagpapaginhawa ng pagkahilo at pagsusuka, stimulasyon ng gutom sa kemoterapiya at mga pasyenteng may AIDS, pagbaba ng presyon sa matang intraokular at para sa pangkalahatang pagpapaginhawa ng mga kirot sa katawan. Ang kompuwesto ng marijuana ay epektibo rin para gamutin ang schizophrenia ayon sa mga siyentipiko.

Ang marijuanang pang medikal ay natagpuang nagpaginhawa ng mga ilang sintomas ng multiple sclerosis[15] at spinal cord injuries[16][17][18][19][20].Ginagamit din itong panlunas sa matinding pananakit sa pamamagitan ng pang-ispray, tableta, vape, at langis o pamahid na gawa sa cannabidiol o CBD.[21][22]

Ang ibang mga pag-aaral ay nagsasaad na ang marijuana o mga cannabinoid ay magagamit sa paggamot ng pag-abuso ng alak,[23] amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,[24][25] collagen-induced arthritis,[26] asthma,[27] atherosclerosis,[28] bipolar disorder,[29][30] colorectal cancer,[31] HIV-Associated Sensory Neuropathy,[32] depression,[33][34][35][36] dystonia,[37] epilepsy,[38][39][40] digestive diseases,[41] gliomas,[42][43] hepatitis C,[44] Huntington's disease,[45][46] leukemia,[47] skin tumors,[48] methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),[49] Parkinson's disease,[50] pruritus,[51][52] posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),[53] psoriasis,[54] sickle-cell disease,[55] sleep apnea,[56] at anorexia nervosa.[57]

Epekto sa kanser

Natagpuan ng isang pag-aaral ng Universidad Complutense de Madrid na ang mga kemikal sa marijuana ay nagsanhi ng kamatayan ng mga selulang kanser ng utak ng tao. Sa mga selulang kanser ng utak ng tao na nilagay sa mga daga na ginamot ng kemikal ng marijuana, ang tumor ay lumiit. Natagpuan ng pag-aaral nila na ang THC ay nag-alis ng mga selulang kanser nang walang masamang epekto sa mga malulusog na selula. [58]

Ayon sa pag-aaral ng California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute noong 2007 at 2010, ang cannabidiol ay nagpahinto sa kanser sa suso na kumalat na sa buong katawan sa pamamagitan ng downregulation ng isang gene na tinatawag na ID1.[59]

<ref name=PMC3410650>McAllister SD, Murase R, Christian RT; et al. (22 September 2010). "Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis". Breast Cancer Res Treat. 129 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1177-4. PMC 3410650. PMID 20859676. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (tulong); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (tulong)CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)</ref

Mga sanggunian

  1. ↑ Mahmoud A. ElSohly (2007). Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-59259-947-9.
  2. ↑ Sanie Lopez Garelli (25 November 2008). "Mexico, Paraguay top pot producers, U.N. report says". CNN International. Nakuha noong 28 September 2013.
  3. ↑ Ethan B Russo (2013). Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-136-61493-4.
  4. ↑ El-Alfy, Abir T; et al. (2010). "Antidepressant-like effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 95 (4): 434–42. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.004. PMC 2866040. PMID 20332000. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (tulong); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (tulong)
  5. ↑ Fusar-Poli P, Crippa JA, Bhattacharyya S; et al. (2009). "Distinct effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation during Emotional Processing". Archives of General Psychiatry. 66 (1): 95–105. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519. PMID 19124693. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (tulong); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  6. ↑ "Marijuana intoxication: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". Nlm.nih.gov. Nakuha noong 2013-07-12.
  7. ↑ "Marijuana: Factsheets: Appetite". Adai.uw.edu. Nakuha noong 2013-07-12.
  8. ↑ Martin Booth (2003). Cannabis: A History. Transworld. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4090-8489-1.
  9. ↑ "Cannabis: Legal Status". Erowid.org. Nakuha noong 2011-10-30.
  10. ↑ UNODC. World Drug Report 2010. United Nations Publication. p. 198. Nakuha noong 2010-07-19.
  11. ↑ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2006). Cannabis: Why We Should Care (PDF). p. 14. ISBN 92-1-148214-3. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (tulong)
  12. ↑ "What is CBD?" Canna Finest. Hinango noong 29 Abril 2019.
  13. ↑ "CBD Oil Effects in Humans." CBD Oil 360. Hinango noong 23 Enero 2019.
  14. ↑ "Relative Addictiveness of Drugs". The New York Times. Tfy.drugsense.org. 1994-08-02. Nakuha noong 2013-01-03.
  15. ↑ Zajicek J; Fox P; Sanders H; Wright, David; Vickery, Jane; Nunn, Andrew; Thompson, Alan; Uk Ms Research, Group (2003). "Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial" (PDF). Lancet. 362 (9395): 1517–26. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14738-1. PMID 14615106.
  16. ↑ "Spinal Cord Injury and Disease". Therapeutic Uses of Marijuana. Medical Marijuana Information Resource Centre. Nakuha noong 9 August 2009.
  17. ↑ Maurer M, Henn V, Dittrich A, Hofmann A (1990). "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case double-blind trial". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 240 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/BF02190083. PMID 2175265.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  18. ↑ Kogel RW, Johnson PB, Chintam R, Robinson CJ, Nemchausky BA (1995). "Treatment of Spasticity in Spinal Cord Injury with Dronabinol, a Tetrahydrocannabinol Derivative". American Journal of Therapeutics. 2 (10): 799–805. doi:10.1097/00045391-199510000-00012. PMID 11854790.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  19. ↑ Hagenbach et al. (2007). "The treatment of spasticity with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury" (PDF). Spinal Cord. 45 (8): 551–62. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101982. PMID 17043680. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |authors= (tulong); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  20. ↑ Mack, Allyson (2001). Marijuana as Medicine?: The Science Beyond the Controversy. National Academy Press. ISBN 0309065313. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (tulong)
  21. ↑ Anon. "What Is The Best CBD Cream For Pain?" Ouch Club. Hinango noong 26 ng Setyembre 2018.
  22. ↑ "CBD Oil: Health Benefits, Side Effects and Other Information." GTVOK. Hinango noong 16 Enero 2019.
  23. ↑ Thanos PK, Dimitrakakis ES, Rice O, Gifford A, Volkow ND (2005). "Ethanol self-administration and ethanol conditioned place preference are reduced in mice lacking cannabinoid CB1 receptors". Behavioural Brain Research. 164 (2): 206–13. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.021. PMID 16140402.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
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  25. ↑ Weydt P, Hong S, Witting A, Möller T, Stella N, Kliot M (2005). "Cannabinol delays symptom onset in SOD1 (G93A) transgenic mice without affecting survival". Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders. 6 (3): 182–4. doi:10.1080/14660820510030149. PMID 16183560.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
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  47. ↑ Powles T; te Poele R; Shamash J; Chaplin, T; Propper, D; Joel, S; Oliver, T; Liu, WM (2005). "Cannabis-induced cytotoxicity in leukemic cell lines: the role of the cannabinoid receptors and the MAPK pathway". Blood. 105 (3): 1214–21. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-03-1182. PMID 15454482.
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  54. ↑ PMID 17157480 (PubMed)
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  55. ↑ PMID 16173972 (PubMed)
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  56. ↑ Carley DW, Paviovic S, Janelidze M, Radulovacki M (2002). "Functional role for cannabinoids in respiratory stability during sleep". Sleep. 25 (4): 391–8. PMID 12071539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
  57. ↑ Grotenhermen, Russo (2002) "Review of Therapeutic Effects." Chapter 11, p. 128 in Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential, Routledge, ISBN 0789015080.
  58. ↑ Salazar M; Carracedo A; Salanueva IJ; Cecconi, Sonia; Pandolfi, Mar; González-Feria, Ainara; Iovanna, Patricia; Guzmán, Cristina; Boya, Sofía (2009). "Cannabinoid action induces autophagy-mediated cell death through stimulation of ER stress in human glioma cells". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 119 (5): 1359–72. doi:10.1172/JCI37948. PMC 2673842. PMID 19425170. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (tulong); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (tulong); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (tulong)
  59. ↑ McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, Garcia A, Desprez PY (2007). "Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 6 (11): 2921–7. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0371. PMID 18025276. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (tulong); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (tulong); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link)
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