Jammu at Kashmir (teritoryo ng unyon)

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Jammu at Kashmir
Rehiyong pinangangasiwaan ng India bilang isang teritoryo ng unyon[1][2]
Lambak ng Lidder
Lawa ng Dal
Mga Hardin ng Shalimar
Moog ng Akhnoor
Yungib ng Amarnath
Gulmarg
Map
Interaktibong mapa ng Jammu at Kashmir
Isang mapa ng pinag-aagawang rehiyon ng Kashmir kabilang ang dalawang teritoryo ng unyon na pinangangasiwaan ng India na Jammu at Kashmir at Ladakh sa kulay-balat.[kailangan ng sanggunian]
Isang mapa ng pinag-aagawang rehiyon ng Kashmir kabilang ang dalawang teritoryo ng unyon na pinangangasiwaan ng India na Jammu at Kashmir at Ladakh sa kulay-balat.[kailangan ng sanggunian]
Mga koordinado: 33°5′24″N 74°47′24″E / 33.09000°N 74.79000°E / 33.09000; 74.79000Mga koordinado: 33°5′24″N 74°47′24″E / 33.09000°N 74.79000°E / 33.09000; 74.79000
Administering stateIndia
Teritoryo ng unyonOktubre 31, 2019
KabeseraSrinagar (Mayo–Oktubre)
Jammu (Nobyembre–Abril)[3]
Distrito20
Pamahalaan
 • KonsehoPamahalaan ng Jammu at Kashmir
 • Lieutenant GovernorManoj Sinha
 • National ParliamentParlamento ng India
: Lok Sabha (5)
 • High CourtMataas na Hukuman ng Jammu at Kashmir at Ladakh
Lawak
 • Kabuuan42,241 km2 (16,309 milya kuwadrado)
Pinakamataas na pook7,135 m (23,409 tal)
Pinakamababang pook247 m (810 tal)
Populasyon
 (2011)[5]
 • Kabuuan12,267,013
 • Kapal290/km2 (750/milya kuwadrado)
Languages
 • OfficialKashmiri, Dogri, Urdu, Hindi, English[6][7]
 • SpokenKashmiri, Gojri, Pahari, Punjabi, Bhadarwahi, Sarazi, Khowar, Shina, Burushaski, Bateri[15]
Sona ng orasUTC+05:30 (IST)
Kodigo ng ISO 3166IN-JK
Plaka ng sasakyanJK
HDI (2018)Increase 0.688 (Medium)
Websaytjk.gov.in

Ang Jammu at Kashmir[b] ay isang rehiyon na pinangangasiwaan ng India bilang teritoryo ng unyon[1] at binubuo ng katimugang bahagi ng mas malaking rehiyon ng Kashmir, na naging paksa ng isang tunggalian sa pagitan ng India at Pakistan mula noong 1947 at sa pagitan ng India at China mula noong 1959.[17] Ang Linya ng Kontrol ay naghihiwalay sa Jammu at Kashmir mula sa mga teritoryong pinangangasiwaan ng Pakistan ng Azad Kashmir at Gilgit-Baltistan sa kanluran at hilaga. Ito ay nasa hilaga ng mga estado ng India ng Himachal Pradesh at Punjab at sa kanluran ng Ladakh na pinangangasiwaan ng India bilang isang teritoryo ng unyon.

Ang mga probisyon para sa pagbuo ng teritoryo ng unyon ng Jammu at Kashmir ay nakapaloob sa Batas Reorganisasyon ng Jammu at Kashmir, 2019, na ipinasa ng parehong kapulungan ng Parlamento ng India noong Agosto 2019. Ang batas ay muling nabuo ang dating estado ng Jammu at Kashmir sa dalawang teritoryo ng unyon, ang isa ay Jammu at Kashmir at ang isa ay Ladakh, na may bisa mula 31 Oktubre 2019.[18]

Terminolohiya[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]

Ang Jammu at Kashmir ay ipinangalan sa dalawang rehiyong kinabibilangan nito – ang rehiyon ng Jammu at ang Lambak ng Kashmir. Ayon sa Pamahalaan ng India, ang rehiyon ng Kashmir ay sumasaklaw sa rehiyon na nasa ilalim ng kontrol ng India at ang teritoryong nasa ilalim ng kontrol ng Pakistan na kilala bilang "Kashmir na sinasakop ng Pakistan" (POK).[19][20] Habang itinuturing ng Pakistan ang teritoryong kontrolado ng India bilang bahagi ng "Kashmir na sinasakop ng India" (Indian-occupied Kashmir o IOK) o "Kashmir na tinatanganan ng India" (Indian-held Kashmir o IHK),[21][22] ang mga 'di-makaisang-panig na sanggunian ay gumagamit ng "Kashmir na pinangangasiwaan ng India"/"Kashmir na pinangangasiwaan ng Pakistan" at "Kashmir na kontrolado ng India"/"Kashmir na kontrolado ng Pakistan" upang paghiwalayin ang mga lugar.[23]

Kasaysayan[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]

Ang estado ng Jammu at Kashmir ay binigyan ng espesyal na katayuan ng Artikulo 370 ng Saligang-batas ng India . Kabaligtaran sa ibang mga estado ng India, Jammu at Kashmir ay may sariling Saligang-batas, watawat, at awtonomiyang pang-administratibo.[24] Ang mga mamamayan ng India mula sa ibang mga estado ay hindi pinayagang bumili ng lupa o ari-arian sa Jammu at Kashmir.[25]

May tatlong natatanging lugar ang Jammu at Kashmir: rehiyon ng Jammu na karamihan ay Hindu, Lambak ng Kashmir na karamihan ay Muslim, at Ladakh na pinangungunahan ng mga Budista.[26] Nagpatuloy ang kaguluhan at karahasan sa Lambak Kashmiri at, kasunod ng pinagtatalunang halalan ng estado noong 1987, isang insurhensiya ang nagpatuloy sa protesta sa awtonomiya at mga karapatan.[26][27]

Ang Partido Bharatiya Janata (BJP) ay naluklok sa kapangyarihan noong 2014 pangkalahatang halalan sa India at pagkalipas ng limang taon ay isinama sa kanilang 2019 manifesto sa eleksiyon ang pagbawi ng Artikulo 370 ng Konstitusyon ng India, upang dalhin ang Jammu at Kashmir sa pantay na katayuan sa ibang mga estado.[26]

Isang resolusyon na ipawalang-bisa ang Artikulo 370 ay ipinasa ng parehong kapulungan ng Parliament of India noong Agosto 2019. Kasabay nito, ipinasa din ang isang Batas Reorganisasyon, na muling bubuo sa estado sa dalawang teritoryo ng unyon, Jammu at Kashmir at Ladakh.[28] Nagkabisa ang muling pagsasaayos mula Oktubre 31, 2019.[29]

Noong Setyembre 2019, halos 4,000 katao, kabilang ang dalawang dating Punong Ministro at daan-daang iba pang mga pulitiko, ay inaresto ng mga awtoridad ng India sa Kashmir;[30] ang estado ay isinailalim sa isang lockdown at ang mga serbisyo sa komunikasyon at internet ay nasuspinde.[31]

Mga sanggunian[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Akhtar, Rais; Kirk, William (22 March 2021), "Jammu and Kashmir", Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., nakuha noong 2 April 2022, The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region
  2. ↑ Briticannica, Eds Encycl. (1 March 2021), "Ladakh", Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., nakuha noong 2 April 2022, Ladakh, large area of the northern and eastern Kashmir region, northwestern Indian subcontinent. Administratively, Ladakh is divided between Pakistan (northwest), as part of Gilgit-Baltistan, and India (southeast), as part of Ladakh union territory (until October 31, 2019, part of Jammu and Kashmir state); in addition, China administers portions of northeastern Ladakh.
  3. ↑ The Hindu Net Desk (8 May 2017). "What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about?". The Hindu (sa Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 10 November 2017. Nakuha noong 23 February 2019.
  4. ↑ Singh, Jogindar (1975). "Saser Kangri". The American Alpine Journal (AAJ): 67. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 14 February 2019. Nakuha noong 14 February 2019. pdf of original pages
  5. ↑ Singh, Vijaita (29 February 2020). "Only J&K will use 2011 Census for delimitation". The Hindu (sa Ingles). Nakuha noong 6 November 2020.
  6. ↑ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal (PDF) noong 19 October 2020. Nakuha noong 27 September 2020.
  7. ↑ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 24 September 2020. Nakuha noong 23 September 2020.
  8. ↑ Pakistan's "Burushaski" Language Finds New Relatives. Nakuha noong 6 August 2019. {{cite ensiklopedya}}: |website= ignored (tulong)
  9. ↑ Khan, N. (6 August 2012). The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity (sa Ingles). Springer. p. 184. ISBN 9781137029584. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 23 February 2019. Nakuha noong 23 February 2019.
  10. ↑ Bhadrawahi. Nakuha noong 6 August 2019. {{cite ensiklopedya}}: |website= ignored (tulong)
  11. ↑ Bateri (sa Ingles).
  12. ↑ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition (sa Ingles). Dallas: SIL International.
  13. ↑ Crane, Robert I. (1956). Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State (sa Ingles). University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files. p. 179. Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.
  14. ↑ Aggarwal, J. C.; Agrawal, S. P. (1995). Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement (sa Ingles). Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170225577. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 24 February 2019. Nakuha noong 23 February 2019.
  15. ↑ [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
  16. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (mga pat.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
  17. ↑ The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (e), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below). (a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, nakuha noong 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, nakuha noong 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) Talbot, Ian (2016), A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8 Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) Skutsch, Carl (2015) [2007], "China: Border War with India, 1962", in Ciment, James (pat.), Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II (2nd pat.), London and New York: Routledge, p. 573, ISBN 978-0-7656-8005-1, The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin. (g) Clary, Christopher (2022), The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 109, ISBN 9780197638408, Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence. (h) Bose, Sumantra (2009), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293, ISBN 978-0-674-02855-5 Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (i) Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2 Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (j) Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, p. 10, ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3 Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
  18. ↑ Ministry of Home Affairs (9 August 2019), "In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act." (PDF), The Gazette of India, nakuha noong 9 August 2019
  19. ↑ Snedden, Christopher (2013). Kashmir: The Unwritten History. HarperCollins India. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-9350298985.
  20. ↑ "The enigma of terminology". The Hindu. 27 January 2014. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 16 October 2015.
  21. ↑ Zain, Ali (13 September 2015). "Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global". En.dailypakistan.com.pk. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 18 November 2015. Nakuha noong 17 November 2015.
  22. ↑ "Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir". Dunya News. 11 September 2015. Nakuha noong 17 November 2015.
  23. ↑ South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37
  24. ↑ K. Venkataramanan (5 August 2019), "How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed", The Hindu
  25. ↑ "Article 370 and 35(A) revoked: How it would change the face of Kashmir". The Economic Times. 5 August 2019.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters. BBC (6 August 2019). Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  27. ↑ Jeelani, Mushtaq A. (25 June 2001). "Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections". Media Monitors Network. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 4 March 2016. Nakuha noong 24 February 2017.
  28. ↑ "Parliament Live | Lok Sabha passes Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, Ayes: 370, Noes 70". The Hindu. 6 August 2019. Nakuha noong 6 August 2019.
  29. ↑ Ministry of Home Affairs (9 August 2019), "In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act." (PDF), The Gazette of India, nakuha noong 9 August 2019
  30. ↑ Ghoshal, Devjyot; Pal, Alasdair (12 September 2019). "Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals". Reuters.
  31. ↑ "Kashmir in lockdown after autonomy scrapped". BBC News. 6 August 2019. Nakuha noong 6 June 2021.

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